Infectious Disease Research Paper Anthrax Essay Example for Free

Infectious Disease Research Paper Anthrax Essay Typically spread from humans to livestock and can be transmitted via air, soil, animal hides, and food. The dormant spores of Anthrax can live in soil and animal products, such as hides (leather) for years and it is not easy to kill by heat or cold. Once spores are eaten by livestock, they are activated very quickly, and the bacteria then reproduces. The animal typically dies and the bacteria is returned to the soil and water as spores. Diagnosis typically requires the element of suspicion for a physician to diagnose anthrax. Diagnosis begins with culturing the bacterium and performing a gram stain. A motility test and the lack of hemolysis on blood agar can also be used to diagnose anthrax. The main virulence factors are it’s polypeptide capsule and what is referred to as a tripartite toxin which is composed of three separate proteins. One protein is called edema factor the second protein is protective antigen, and the third is lethal factor which causes massive inflammation and shock. There is a vaccine that contains live spores and a toxoid prepared from a special strain of B anthracis used to protect livestock in areas of high anthrax cases. There is also a purified toxoid that is recommended for humans that have frequent contact with livestock or animal products that could potentially carry the bacteria. The preferred treatment for anthrax is antibiotics such as penicillin, doxycycline, or ciproflaxin. Anthrax has become one of the popular choices for use as a biological warfare agent. Reasons for this would be because the spores of Bacillus anthracis can remain dangerous for many decades. Other than the use of anthrax in bioterrorism, the occurrence of anthrax is rare and occurs most frequently in developing countries with high agriculture concentration and without veterinary public health programs. Works Cited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human

India, Nigeria and Internal Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

India, Nigeria and Internal Medicine    My desire to become a physician dates way back into my childhood. My parents migrated to Nigeria in the late 1960's when my father, an academician, decided to help educate children there. This was a country, which then had just gained independence. A person's goals are set by the role models he or she seeks to emulate. My childhood role model is Dr. Raj a physician. I learned from Dr. Raj, that real success and satisfaction is achieved by putting one's beliefs and thoughts into action. Dr. Raj provided quality care to the poor, especially children, alongside his richer clients. This left a lasting impression on me. Later on, when I realized that lots of people actually lacked basic medical care, I always wanted to reach out and help make a difference in the lives of others. Medicine, with its emphasis on service would therefore be the most satisfying career for me.    My interest in internal medicine developed during my training at medical school in Nigeria. Internal medicine offers a wide variety of cases, which makes it as diverse as it is exciting, requiring a problem solving attitude and constant vigilance. Having graduated from a reputed medical school in a developing country, I had the opportunity to get hands-on experience in patient care, right from start. In fact, my medical school had a unique final year program where the focus was essentially on preventive medicine and health education. During this community based health program, we were required to monitor and provide complete health care to people in neighboring villages. While working on our year book during the same year, we were able to raise money from the proceeds of the sale and various other activities (conducting symposium, charity fair, etc.) so as to provide free dug supplies to the underprivileged. All this made me realize the tangible difference one could make in the lives of others.    Upon graduation, I spent two and a half years, working in private hospital settings in India and Nigeria. This has made me a more experienced and mature physician but has left me yearning for more knowledge. For the past three years I have been in the United States and during this time, I have successfully qualified the ECFMG certification examination, USMLE steps I, II & III. I have also worked as a research associate at Stanford University on role of HIF-1( in retinopathy of maturity.

Participative Management Essay

In the corporate world, management style has shifted from scientific management to participatory management. While scientific principles of management underlines communication, leadership and participation , participatory management is anchored on the need for quality management, good relationship with the workers, building teams and integrated organizational structures. Research has shown that the following benefits can be accrued from participatory management. Firstly, it can result to the decline in absenteeism and turnover while enhancing attraction and retention of workers since they have a feeling of ownership in the organization. It also promotes effective and efficient conveyance of information between the management and the employee at all levels in the organization. (Yeatts, Hyten, 1998, p. 16). Elsewhere, it makes everyone to feel a stake order in the decision making process. Additionally, it reduces the cases of internal disagreements and wrangles since the workers interact without suspicion and consider each other a brother/sister. Participative management helps to widen the scope of skills of the staff and enhances innovations and designing of efficient ways and procedures for tasks. Finally, it motivates and gives job satisfaction to the workers ((Yeatts, Hyten, 1998, p. 29). On the other hand, participatory management has some demerits that have been evident in organizations which have implemented it. To begin with, most employees do not accept the responsibility of making decision for the organizations and instead they like being told what to do. At the same time, some of the workers are illiterate and not versed with the tasks of the organization hence they require training. Others demand pay if included in decision making. It requires the participation of many people thus making decision making to go slow resulting to inefficiency (Yeatts, Hyten, 1998, p. 37). In conclusion therefore, participatory management is of great benefit to both private and public sectors. It is the best for the newly founded organizations towards struggle for their survival through competitive advantages.

Communication at Alliance Leicester - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2017 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Communication at Alliance Leicester Introduction Alliance and Leicester is a large Stock Exchange company in London. The key to the success of their business is the different communication systems they have in their business and management practices. The following are the some of the communication based skills and strategies used in the business. Five Active Listening Skills To make my one-hour weekly staff training session more effective I would attend to each trainee staff and would listen to them to find out the areas in marketing that they are experiencing difficulties in. I would then address this to everyone in the session and then will work out at as a team on how to ease the difficulty and then would encourage the new trainees to use new marketing techniques or strategies to minimise the difficulty. Then I will reflect upon by making a comparison between the trainees performance before the session with the performance after the session. Finally, I wil l then would like to know from the trainees on their performance from before and after the session, and if they are still finding it difficult with implementing the new marketing strategies in their work. Four Interpersonal Communication Skills in improving teamwork For the purpose of launching a new product we would have to work in a team to achieve this goal. Therefore to work effectively in a team we would good listening skills this is because in order to plan and launch a new product everyone would need to contribute their ideas and thoughts about the new product. The advantage of this is that everyone in the team will get the sense they are being heard and that their opinions matter, and thus will become motivated in working even harder towards the target. Team members need to be assertive whether they can confidently share their ideas and thoughts in regards to the new product. By being assertive they will openly contribute in group discussions and will be able to give a nd receive constructive feedback. Need to have good decision making and negotiating skills this is because when working in a team everyone will contribute their ideas but the underlying truth is that not everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ideas can be used to launch the new product. Therefore, it is important to have good decision making skills and negotiation skills where an idea can be put forward with sufficient reasons and justification as to why we should go with this idea and not the other and when a decision is made a team needs to have trust amongst the team members believing that whatever decision is being made is the correct one. Communication Skills Being the retail distributor it is my responsibility to negotiate, redefine the sales target and methods to increase sales in the next 12 months, the following communication skills should help me to achieve the target. Assertiveness means showing the confidence in sharing your thoughts and ideas in an appropriate and honest manner in a meeting with the other staffs and delegates (Assertiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Introduction, 2014). I will put forward my ideas on the methods to increase sales and to meet the target. From this approach I should be able to share my point of view and justify which is the best marketing activities. Negotiation is when we settle or find a solution to an issue or a problem without arguments (What is Negotiation? , 2014). As a retail distributor I can negotiate the price to purchase the products from Alliance and Leicester. Through negotiation we can weigh the benefits and costs of the product and then can come to a mutual decision on a reasonable price that will be beneficial for me as the retail distributor and for Alliance and Leicester. Giving and receiving constructive feedback is when giving feedback on a person or a businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance (Giving Feedback, 2014). From this feedback the person or the business would be able to know what th ey are doing, identify the strengths, weaknesses and in what areas requires improvements. Alliance and Leicester can use constructive feedback in the National Sales Conference to provide all retail distributors feedback on their performance, on the areas they are doing well; the areas which they are doing well and can suggest some ideas or changes that will help them with their performance and or concerns. The advantage of constructive feedback is that it provides guidance to the retail distributors on the areas they need to focus and thus should motivate them to work towards it with new strategies. Four Effective Communication Factors Feedback is communicating back verbally or in a written form on the way the business or the staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance (Giving Feedback, 2014). These could be feedback on the areas they are doing well and the areas they may need to improve on. These could be feedback on their strengths and weaknesses and thus should be guidance as to h ow the business and or staff could improve their performance. For example, the purpose of this interview was to discuss the management issue that was not addressed in the meeting. To have an effective discussion it will be best to provide and present feedback on the matter so that the Group Executive gets an understanding of the matter and use these feedbacks as a guide to construct and develop strategies to resolve the management issue. The Group Executives only meets the senior managers twice in a year therefore it becomes important to give them all the information on the important issues that needs urgent attention for the purpose of minimising the loss that may occur in the business. Question and Discussion is important in the interview so that when the management issue is raised, through questions and discussions the Group Executives would be able to get an insight of the issue and could possibly measure the impact it may have on the business. By asking questions this cre ates an environment for the Senior Managers and the Group Executives to have open communications and discussions on the matter. The advantage of having open discussions is that we get an insight on everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s views and we should be able to get a solution. Confirmation is a good way of expressing that the Senior Managers and the Group Executives have a mutual agreement on the matter and are willing to work together to resolve the issue. For example, if there was no confirmation from either one of them then the issue will remain unresolved, which could lead to large losses for the business. Confirmation could also be the evidence which proves that there is an issue in the management and that there is an urgency to solve it. Clarification is required when discussing the management issue with the Group Executive so that when the issue is looked into it needs to be understood as why this is an issue in the business and who are impacted by it. Therefore, when the is sues is addressed in the interview the issue presented needs to be clear so that the Group Executive would instantly be able to recognise that it is an issue and can advise on possible solutions to resolve it. Team Meeting Team meetings are held to get all the employees together to discuss the important changes and decisions of the business. The importance of having these meetings is that the employees are able to share their ideas and thoughts on a particular decision or can work as a team to solve an issue. During the meeting it is everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to engage in the discussions held in the meeting, to address any issues in the business, actively listen and pay attention to what is being discussed in the meeting. It is everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to participate in the meetings so that the meeting is productive and meets the purpose for which the meeting was intended for. Team meeting is an opportunity for everyone to share, gain know ledge about the business and its products, it also an effective way to keep you updated on the changes that have occurred or may occur in the future. It is the chairpersonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to facilitate the meeting and to prepare for a productive meeting. The chair person should communicate in a manner that the staffs has a clear understanding of what the meeting is about and the information provided is on target and is straight to the point for which the meeting was held for. It is their responsibility to update the staff with the new updates and changes that may occur in the business and it is their responsibility to ensure everyone understands and knows the reasoning behind the changes or the improvements that are required for the sake of the businesses productivity. The responsibility of the minute recorder (or secretary) is to record everything that has been discussed in the meeting and to report it back to the senior managers. It is their responsibility to inform the stakeholders of the key points discussed in the meeting. Downward Communication Downward Communication is when the information is directed or communicated from the management to their workers in the organisation (Grimsley, 2014). Downward Communication was used by Alliance and Leicester with the purpose of assisting the employees in their work by informing them with relevant information. Part of this strategy was to inform the employees of the developmental changes in the business so that were aware, involved and can develop an understanding of how these developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s may have an impact on their daily decisions and on the objectives of the business. Communication Networks Customer Relations uses the decentralised circle communication network where the information is equally shared amongst all stakeholders. For example, it is found that Customer Relations listens to the customers and resolves the issue that are unable to be resolved by th e administration team and the other branches. This information gets passed on as feedback to the management team; they also work alongside the Ombudsman and the other regulatory to help resolve the issue. The advantage of this communication network is that every stakeholder has access to the information. It also allows the stakeholders to work together to resolve an issue and lastly, every stakeholder meaning the internal and external has an input in the key important decisions and are equal contributors towards the productivity of the business. For example, a customer care leaflet allows for customers to give feedback which is bough forward to the managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attention and is taken into consideration when an important decision is made on a product. Communication Technologies Alliance and Leicester uses a computer system that allows the information to be transmitted from one branch to another throughout the nation. It is said that the information on rate chan ges, important announcements and security messages are administered from the Alliance and Leicesterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s administration centre. The advantage of having this system is that it controls the follow of important messages and it gets transmitted over in time when needed. However the disadvantage of having a controlled system is that if a technical issue arises and the system crashes there will be difficulties in getting the important messages out to the other branches. The other communication technology used in the business is the fax system. The fax system is used to distribute multiple faxes out to all the companies when there is an urgency of informing the staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of something important. The advantage of using the fax system is that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s one of the most efficient and faster way of informing all the company when there is a need to get the information out to the company as soon as possible. However, being heavily reliant on the te chnology could mean that if the system fails the management team may not know how to manage the issue manually. Reference List Assertiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Introduction. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/assertiveness.html Giving Feedback. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMM_98.htm Grimsley, S. (2014). Downward Communication: Definition, Advantages Disadvantages. https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/downward-communication-definition-advantages-disadvantages.html#lesson What is Negotiation?. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/negotiation.html Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communication at Alliance Leicester" essay for you Create order