The Atomic Bomb :: American America History

The Atomic BombThe atomic bomb is a powerful, explosive nuclear weapon. It is fueled by the fission of the nuclei of specific amounts of plutonium or uranium, in a chain reaction. The strength of the explosion created by one of these bombs is adequate to the strength of an explosion created by thousands of tons of TNT. To detonate one of these bombs, enough mass of plutonium or uranium must be provided to reach what is cognise as critical mass. Critical mass is the mass at which the nuclear reactions going on inside the material can make up for the neutrons that argon leaving the material through its outside surface. These materials are usually separated within the bomb so that critical mass cannot be reached until the bomb is unsex to explode. Once the chemical reactions within the bomb begin, the neutrons released by each reaction hit other atoms and create more fission reactions until all the material is scattered, or completely exhausted. This process releases enormous amount s of energy in the form of extreme heat and a massive shock wave. These nuclear explosions, in addition to their twinge waves, high winds, and flash burns, produce deadly radiation that contaminates soil and water, and destroyed living matter.The atomic bomb was first created in the early twentieth century. Physicists in the United States and Europe had discovered that the fission of uranium could be used to create a deadly explosive weapon. A letter was sent to U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt by Albert Einstein that described this discovery and warned him of its potential dangers if developed by other nations. The Manhattan Project was established by the U.S. government in 1942 so the solid ground could develop an atomic device. A team under the command of United States Army Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves designed and built the first atomic bombs, direct by J. Robert Oppenheimer. This type of bomb was first tested at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. The amount of energy that was released by this explosion alone was equivalent to xx thousand tons of TNT.Many nations have tested nuclear devices, in the atmosphere, under the earth, and under the oceans. Only the United States of America, Russia, Great Britain, France, and China openly swallow to possessing these nuclear weapons. Many other nations, however, are thought to have the capability to assemble these items quickly.

First Chapter of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay exampl

First Chapter of The Strange role of Dr Jekyll and Mr HydeThe Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a novella, short novel,which was published in the Victorian era. It has a gothic mysterystory genre and has a mysterious, serious tone. The overall novella isset in London.This strain will analyse how the author captures the readers interestand introduces the key ideas in chapter 1 of The Strange Case of DrJekyll and Mr Hyde. This essay will esteem how the author, RobertLouis Stevenson, uses different language, how RL Stevenson uses mental imagery, structure and form, and the settings to capture the readersinterest.The key ideas in chapter 1 of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and MrHyde are duality of human nature, beast in man and report. WhenThe Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was written it wasbelieved that people had two different personalities, or also known asones Doppelgnger. This falls under the section of duality of humannature. Reputation was important to people b ecause if someone lost itthey would find it hard to get it back.RL Stevenson was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and had a sicklychildhood. He was an solo child and his parents were hoping big thingsfrom him. Stevenson travelled a lot in his life and was often ill. In1885 Stevenson wrote The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, butit wasnt published until January of 1886.This essay will first cover how RL Stevenson captured the readersinterest using the literary devices, language, imagery, structure andform, and setting. The language section will analyse the atmosphere,sentence structure, metaphors, similes and personification. Theimagery section covers motif, symbols and Victoria... ...own and often printed, and as you find out last inthe novella this was Jekylls name on the cheque. This would make thereader want to read, to retard how Hyde got this cheque with another mansname on it.This essay title was answered by first covering the literary devicesused in chapter 1 of, The Str ange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,these literary devices were language, imagery, settings and structureand form. The second part of this essay covered the key ideas inintroduced in chapter 1 the key ideas used were duality of humannature, reputation and beast in man.this is a great novella with a fantastic twist at the end, but theproblem for the modern reader is that as this novella is so wellknown, they cannot read it as a mystery, as they already know Jekylland Hyde are the same person. It is a mystery story that is no daylonga mystery.

Essay --

It is clear from the facts it is a case of non-fatal offences against the person. They include assault, battery, assault occasioning unquestionable bodily harm which is sometimes abbreviated as ABH, maliciously wounds or inflicts grievous bodily harm and the last one wounding or do grievous bodily harm. We will start examining the most serious offences which are move by Cyril then moving to the least serious offences which are committed by Moby. It is noted that for there to have liability both the elements of actus Reus and mens rea should be present while committing the offences. From the facts of the case, we noted that Cyril threatened to hit Moby and even waved his fist in the air at him. From this point of view Cyril can be liable for assault. Assault is defined as a situation where one person creates hero-worship of harm to another person . For assault to take place there is no need to apply stick or make any personal contact with the person. The actus Reus here for as sault is that there must be an act and that particular act caused the victim to apprehend the infliction of immediate unlawful force applying the regulation set in the case of Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1968) . Words spoken are sufficient to be qualified as an assault. This principle is set out in the case of R v Ireland Burstow . In our case the spoken words of Cyril and the act of raising his fit in the path of Moby have undoubtedly created fear. It must be noted that it is sufficient that Moby thought that the physical violence was immediate, here applying the case of Smith v Chief super of Working Police Station . As mentioned above both the elements actus reus and mens rea should be present for an offence, we now come the mens... ....Another offence below which Moby might be convicted is s47 for he stuck Cyril on head causing him to pass out for a few minutes. Applying the case of T v DPP a momentary loss of intelligence is sufficient for s47. This is def ined as occasioning authentic bodily harm also referred as ABH. There are three elements for actus reus. There must be as assault or battery. We have already established that Moby might be convicted for battery. Another element is occasioning. Under this element we have to prove that the battery caused the actual bodily harm. Establishing the but-for test , Cyril would not have lost his spectacles and blow out if Moby did not stick him. The bruises caused by the yin can be charged under s47 .The mens rea required here is that of battery . As we have already establish the mens rea it is most probably that Moby might be convicted under s47

themes in lost horizon Essay -- essays research papers

What is Paradise? Throughout history man has sought to create, find, or at least image a paradise on earth, a place where there is peace, harmony, and a surcease from the pain that plagues our lives. On the eve of World War II, James Hilton imagined such a place in his best-selling novel, Lost Horizon.The story itself begins when an evacuation of Westerners is ordered in the midst of revolution in Baksul, India. A plane containing four passengers is hi-jacked and flown furthermost away into the Keun-Lun Mountains of Tibet. The plane crashes and the passengers are welcomed to the v anyey of the Blue Moon, and the lamasery of Shangri-la. Here they see an isolated monastery shrouded in mystery, which combines Christianity and Buddhism with a focus on the progression of knowledge. The four passengers who buck in Shangri-la are Barnard, a boisterous American, Miss Brinklow, a Christian missionary, Mallinson, a headstrong and passionate English youth, and Conway, the main character and WWI experienced who is unattached and somewhat passionless. All of the characters except Mallinson enjoy life in Shangri-la. Conway especially finds himself at home there and eventually the High Lama of the lamasery unveils all its mysteries of to him. Conway learns that the inhabitants, thanks to the climate and a special drug, live to an extreme old age. They devote the length of their lives to the pursuits of knowledge and do everything in moderation. They believe that their hidden purchase order will escape the...

Relationships and Marriage - Couples Should Live Together before Marriage :: Free Argumentative Essays

Couples Should Live Together sooner MarriageIve heard on numerous cause that one of every two marriages ends in divorce. Although I believe this estimate to be high, there is no question that divorce has pose a harsh occurrence in todays society. I think the biggest cause of divorce is people getting married too soon. Couples should live together before they marry.People become enveloped in a sort of euphoric haze when a relationship first begins to take a serious turn. The object of your affection seems to be blameless in every way and can do no wrong. You want to spend all your time with this mortal often neglecting anything you enjoyed pre-relationship. In effect, you lose your psyche identities and become Siamese twins (thus the term, joined-at-the-hip). Thankfully, this stage in a relationship is only temporary. However, many couples mistake this hormonal surge as the sign that this is the one-and-only person they could spend the rest of their lives with. When the haze di ssipates, only the strong relationships survive. If each couple contemplating marriage during this phase were to move in together first, the perspective the couple would grow on their relationship would prove whether or not their feelings were deeper than pure physical attraction or lust.It may sound clichd, but you truly do not know soulfulness until you live with that person. When a couple lives together, the comfort level between the two gradually increases until nothing is sacred. Little quirks that a person tries so desperately to hold back hidden eventually come out into the open. sometimes these quirks are too much for a person to live with other times it is a confederacy of many that push them over the edge. Maybe you could deal with dirty clothes on the floor, but how about a total disregard for all household cleanliness? Living together before marriage clears the air and reduces the possibility for major surprises that could lead to marital strife. Sex is another issu e that tends to cause problems in marriages. Of flight people can have sex and not live together, but the sharing of a bed each and every night certainly facilitates the activity. At the risk of sounding promiscuous, one should test the waters before jumping in. Sexual compatibility is extremely important in the satisfaction and happiness of a marriage. Sometimes compromises can be made on behalf of each individual, but it would be better to know if a person was incapable of satisfying you sexually before nuptials.

Relationships and Marriage - Couples Should Live Together before Marriage :: Free Argumentative Essays

Couples Should Live Together before MarriageIve heard on numerous occasions that one of every two couplings ends in divorce. Although I believe this estimate to be high, there is no question that divorce has become a common occurrence in todays society. I theorise the biggest cause of divorce is people getting married too soon. Couples should live together before they marry.People become enveloped in a sort of happy haze when a relationship first begins to take a serious turn. The object of your affection seems to be perfect in every way and croupe do no wrong. You want to spend all your time with this person often neglecting anything you enjoyed pre-relationship. In effect, you lose your individual identities and become Siamese twins (thus the term, joined-at-the-hip). Thankfully, this salute in a relationship is solely temporary. However, many couples mistake this hormonal surge as the sign that this is the one-and-only person they could spend the rest of their lives with. Whe n the haze dissipates, only the strong relationships survive. If each couple contemplating marriage during this phase were to move in together first, the perspective the couple would gain on their relationship would prove whether or not their feelings were deeper than thoroughgoing(a) physical attraction or lust.It may sound clichd, but you truly do not know someone until you live with that person. When a couple lives together, the nourish level between the two gradually increases until nothing is sacred. Little quirks that a person tries so desperately to keep hidden eventually come tabu into the open. Sometimes these quirks are too much for a person to live with other times it is a combination of many that push them over the edge. perhaps you could deal with dirty clothes on the floor, but how about a total disregard for all household cleanliness? Living together before marriage clears the air and reduces the possibility for major surprises that could lead to marital strife. S ex is another issue that tends to cause problems in marriages. Of course people can have agitate and not live together, but the sharing of a bed each and every night certainly facilitates the activity. At the risk of sounding promiscuous, one should scrutiny the waters before jumping in. Sexual compatibility is extremely important in the satisfaction and happiness of a marriage. Sometimes compromises can be made on behalf of each individual, but it would be better to know if a person was incapable of satisfying you sexually before nuptials.

Does the globalization of supply chains favors a leagility solution to a supply chain? Essay

The globalization of supply stoves favors a leagility solution to a supply chain. Nowadays organizations after part no weeklong efficiently and effectively compete in isolation of their suppliers, customers or other interest, supply chains, not organizations, compete against each other, those who will survive are those who can provide management to the fully integrated supply chain, entire supply chain must be viewed as one system. It implies that organizations across the supply chain must take interest in each other and work together to make the entiresupply chain competitive. (Andersson, R. , 2007) To be successful in the future the supply chain should be market-driven or demand-driven, where the key model is oriented toward virtual networks, information bases and perceived customer value (Andersson, R. , 2007) .ReferencesThe Institute for on the job(p) Futures. Supply Chain Issues and the Push-Pull Boundary. Retrieved June 13, 2009. http//www. marcbowles. com/courses/adv_dip/m odule4/module10/m10four. htm Goldsby, Thomas J. , 2006.MODELING LEAN, AGILE, AND LEAGILE SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGIES. Retrieved June 13, 2009. http//www. allbusiness. com/professional-scientific/management-consulting/4089028-1. html Mason-Jones,Naylor,B. ,Towill, D. R. Lean,agile or leagile? Matching your supply chain to the marketplace. Retrieved June 13, 2009 http//ihome. cuhk. edu. hk/b103313/Exetrain/lean%20agile%20or%20leagile. pdf Andersson, R. Quality-driven logistics. Retrieved June 13, 2009. Division http//bada. hb. se/bitstream/2320/1777/1/Quality-driven%20logistics. pd

Beauty and the Labor Market

Since ancient times, man and woman alike value beauty in the same level as they value their possessions and even their family. This is easily seen in works of art, in works of poetry and other forms of literature that praise beauty. Balladeers cave in sung its ability to pluck more potent than wine and its capacity influence man and his many endeavors.The hooked of beauty is truly important in humankind history beca expenditure the human race is apt(p) to marriage and it is the reproduction of children that allows the said specie to continually dominate the earth. It is at that placefore non surprising how much money and effort is given to the pursuit of beauty and the celebration of the same.In the late 20th century, cardinal men, Daniel Hamermesh and Jeff Biddle were also stricken by the allure of beauty but pursued it from a funny angle. These cardinal researchers proposed the idea that if discrimination with regards to race, nationality, etc. exists in the workplace then there is surely discrimination when it comes to an employees good looks or the lack thereof.Both men went advance as to say that good looks not only allowed men and women possessing of this enviable quality to get good jobs but they also argon able to growth their income more successfully than those whom Hamermesh and Biddle described as homely in appearance. But before proceeding to find evidence or contradictions that will shoot raft their thesis, Hamermesh and Biddle went on a lengthy discussion strengthening their position that there is indeed a way to do an empirical discipline of the said subject matter.MethodologyHamermesh and Biddle were right on target when they remarked in the beginning of the paper that there is no going forward with come forth having established the fact that beauty can be measured. The first thing that they did was to look for related literature that would support their claim that beauty can be measured statistically.They went further as to sa y that not only does beauty a trait that can be measured scientifically but more importantly, perception or standards of beauty is something that does not dead change or shift easily in a short period of time. In other words a generation or two of Europeans, Americans, and Canadians will claim the same standard of beauty at least in the 20th century when the moot was made.Then Hamermesh and Biddle scrutinized the methodology used in the quadruple tests to determine a beauty standard and they were satisfied with what they learned. In fact, in Part II of their study they made the following discoveryWithin a culture at a point in time there is tremendous agreement on standards of beauty,and these standards change quite slowly. For example, respondents ranging in age from 7 to fifty who were asked to rank the appearance of spate depicted in photographs showed very high correlation in their rankings (see Background portion of study).Now, in order to cause their study reliable and the results credible Hamermesh and Biddle made their case airtight by looking closely at their respondents and the other variables that would affect their results significantly. An example of this is the exclusion of those who have questionable health status for this would surely affect their performance and would have made the study unreliable to say the least.But twain men did not vacate there they also presented other factors that would have made their abbreviation unacceptable. They pointed to the fact that there can be other forces involved in the hiring of employees possessing above-average good looks. And these ar namely 1) there are industries that require good looking people and 2) in the case of overcrowding a manager may use the criteria of good looks to acquire among the many applicants competing for limited jobs.SignificanceThe world of business is surely indebted to Hamermesh and Biddle and those who wanted to offer something new to the growing body of knowledge concerning what would increase the productivity of a particular enterprise. In the beginning of this study the two proponents were correct in saying that in the area of discrimination in the workplace there is very little if at all, a systematic analysis on the effect of a persons looks on the quality of job that he or she will get and subsequently the degree of success that will be achieved in his or her lifetime.This study is also helpful in providing more information to those seeking to resolve issues concerning an employers alleged discriminatory actions with regards to an employee unable to rise atop the corporate ladder due to the misfortune of being born with a earlier homely appearance. This study would form the foundation of futurity inquiries as to the role of beauty in the corporate world.AnalysisThe study was a great challenge for the two researchers because they decided to tackle something as difficult as trying to catch the wind with bare hands. They aimed for the impossible to measure beauty and ugliness. If this is not enough their study was made more complicated by putting another hurdle and it is to understand the correlation between beauty or the lack thereof and productivity in the workplace.It does not need further discussion to conclude that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and that what is attractive to one culture may be offensive to another. In fact a mere two hundred year gap in history is enough to totally transform standards of beauty. The researchers admitted primeval on when they cited that paintings made in the 17th century depicted a rather different standard when it comes to what feature makes a beautiful man or woman when being compared to what is celebrated today in the media and the arts.But they pulled off a rather convincing argument using a highly controlled study where people from all ages 7 years old to fifty years old where able to demonstrate that indeed for a given generation there is a standard of beau ty that does not change even after the passage of time. Here is the beginning of their problem.They said so themselves that in the time of the famous mechanic Rubens beauty is measured by the plumpness of the lady and not by the reed thin supermodels that are highly esteemed in modern times. So how can they be certain that their standard does not change after thirty years or more? Moreover, they have concluded that either Canadians have a slight difference in their outlook regarding beautiful people or that they are not comfortable in being brutally straight-from-the-shoulder when it comes to judging another persons appearance. This shows subjectivity arising from differences in culture etc.Now, for the sake of argument, this paper will allow that Hamermesh and Biddle were both correct in their analysis that there is indeed a standard of beauty that is both measurable and unchanging. Then this will lead the discussion to another perceived weakness in their work which is the fact t hat they conducted their study within European culture and there is no data to support the fact that they considered the preference of Asians.Another possible weakness in their methodology is the fact that they were not able to clearly establish the standard of beauty in a way that their study could be replicated in the future and in different regions of the world. What occurred was that in order for their results to be accepted as scientific then they would have to assemble a similar group of respondents either time they would try to replicate their study in other locations outside the U.S. or Canada.Another problematic aspect of the study is the fact that a person uses more than beauty to complete a job. Mental capabilities and social skills play a major role in the development of a persons career. The study is not that complex to separate intelligence quotient and beauty. There is no way to just simply observe beauty in action apart from the use of mental faculties.Throughout th e course of the research the duo were struggling in putting together a very convincing argument that indeed beauty totally is the major factor in achieving success. There are just too many variables involved in the process of doing a job whatever it may be. In the end Hamermesh and Biddle were almost back to square one for they were not able to come up with anything that is radically new except for reinforcing the already cognise idea that there are some jobs that require attractive people in order to be more productive.Hamermesh and Biddle tried an escape route by saying that they do not have to demonstrate the validity of their claim because according to them people spend a lot of time and money in grooming aids and purchase of good clothes in order to enhance their physical beauty. But it can be argued that grooming and beauty are two different things. A celebrity which many considers beautiful can wear a plain shirt and still people would find her attractive.Hamermesh and Bidd le were both correct in their final analysis that there is a need to study, relationships between looks and earning within particular narrowly defined occupations (see Part VIII). Moreover there is a need to extend the timeline of their study to determine if attractive employees were able to sustain a high level of success and that their increase in income is not merely a result of a quick promotion because the manager was biased to people with good looks but soon regretted his actions when he found out about their performance.Works CitedHamermesh, D. & Biddle, J. Beauty and the LabourMarket. American Economic Review 84.5(1994) 1174-1194.

Marketing at vanguard Essay

vanguard prides itself on providing low price and high value to the node and it is heads core competency. However, Vanguards world changed when in mid-2003, Vanguards niche market was invaded by commercial banks, investment banks and insurance companies referable to deregulation in the pecuniary services industry.Vanguard took advantage of the Internet technology for customer transactions and different innovations to offer no load bills to the investors. Vanguard successfully employed Six Sigma methodologies in order to continue to offer high value at the lowest cost to the customer.Some of the threats that could peril Vanguards prosperity or survival in the future include excessive customer segmentation where the varied offerings available confuse the customer and the investment brackets are not particularly transparent. Vanguard could encounter a significantly challenging situation if it is inadequately prepared to compete with the influx of firms in the industry. At the p resent time, Vanguard does not havea reform selling strategy that fits in well with overall vision of the company. For example, Vanguard is perplexing where sales and marketing efforts fit in the corporate dashboard.The dashboard is a communications tool that offers an overall view of the condition and consummateance of the company in key indicators or drivers for success. Management was constantly provided with the dashboard and updates at board meetings. Thus, Vanguard efficiently used this tool to organize its marketing and sales efforts in support of the overall strategic objectives.Vanguard has to take proactive steps in order to guard against unusual declines in stock market indexes. In addition to insulating their margins and maintain their market presence during times of economic downturn, they have to ensure that continue to deliver superior customer service than their competitors. For example, client gladness is above expectation during boom years. However, customer s atisfaction is intertwined with market performance. Vanguard should continue to educate the customer of staying the course and emphasizing the advantages of long-term investment strategies.depth psychologyVanguard is torn between staying the course and going the investment company route where it can provide a whole array of products and services to everyone exchangeable to one-stop shopping rather than focusing of customer segmentation. There is a tradeoff identified in the SWOT analysis where offering the customer the lowest cost cannot successfully co-exist with high value at Vanguard. Vanguard can only offer the customer with the low cost, as it is not expending many resources in its marketing efforts.Vanguard has the option of pursuing international involution at this time. However, it has not developed a concrete strategy on how to compete in the United States in times of economic downturn as well as in face of increased competition. If Vanguard expands overseas, it is not ex pected to perform well as these competencies are absent in its overall strategy. How can Vanguard be expected to compete in face of other challenges such(prenominal) asinstitutional and regulatory hurdles as well as smaller populations overseas?Marketing segmentation was a competency that has worked for Vanguard in the past. However, customers may resent excessive categorization based on perceived investing habits or income extrapolations by Vanguard. The customers may view Vanguard as a Big Brother who pries into his or her personal lifestyle by monitoring their investment trends and then tailoring an investment plan for them with those assumptions.If you examine the potential hind end market sizing, the United States presents a wide array of opportunities with its varied ethnic groups. Companies such as Metlife and Citibank have done well by tapping into those markets and creating an investment niche. preferably than market segmentation based on investmenthabits, age or income i t may be advantageous for Vanguard to pursue these markets after conducting market tests or investment studies.Even if Vanguard decided to aggressively target certain niche targets in its sales and marketing campaign, the potential dividends reaped from doing so are remote expected to outweigh the costs as it currently spends about 20 cents out of every $10,000 invested to drum up new business which is well at a lower place industry norms. Certainly newspaper advertisements as those presented in Exhibits 7 and 8 in ethnic newspapers and print media should not become a financial policy change to the company and eat up a significant portion of the sales and marketing budget.Vanguard has prided itself for innovation and dedication to continual improvement in the financial arena. Perhaps, Vanguard can benefit from its sales and marketing efforts if it is dedicated to ensure development and maturity of the program. One solution toward this goal is to brainstorm a clear vision and miss ion statement as to what the long-term aims and objectives of the sales and marketing program are and how will they complement the overall strategic objectives of the company as a whole, not just the four individual business units.RecommendationsThe dashboard at Vanguard is a critical tool to evaluate and assess performance. Vanguard should move ahead and incorporate reliable sales and marketing growth data into the dashboard metrics in order to ensure that marketing is presented as an avenue to support the achievement of goals in the various businesses.Vanguard would greatly benefit from partnering with brokers in order to garner a better share of the clients holdings from other financial institutions. It should consider investment in increased customer awareness and education in order to so.In terms of advertising, Vanguard should institute a customer referral program that encourages existing customers to actively voice their loyalty and satisfaction with the service they have rec eived to prospective clients.Tasteful and creative advertising and marketing efforts that reaffirm Vanguards core beliefs of staying the course and themes of long-term investment should be implemented. Prospective Vanguard customers are usually lured in by the highest gold market account interest rates offered and not by fancy commercials or elaborate marketing efforts.Vanguard should not consider international expansion at this time as part of its growth strategy at this point in time. It should focus primarily on the Unites States where even a individual digit market share gain and translate into significant revenues.

The War of 1812 Could Have Been Avoided

Konrad Bradbury 8/20/13 History The fight of 1812 The war of 1812, a war that some great deal tend to referto as the second subverter war. But could it have been avoided? Well yes it most certainly could have been avoided, alone then again couldnt most wars have been avoided? Though some people do not have the same reasoning. Other animadvert that the war of 1812 was unavoidable, that it was articled to happen. Well what reasons do they have to think that? Though what reason do i have to think what i do? Well i go forth tell you.One reason that i think that the whole war could have just been avoided is because the british exclusively disragarded the maritime acts of the united states. after(prenominal) a coarse that was a hundred times sm totallyer than you just beat you you atomic number 18 going to go ahead and act completely oblivious to that ssame countries rules? Sounds very angering to the people that just got away from you right? Right, the americans did not take this lightly. But that couldnt be the only reason that this whole war could have been avoided could it? No.The british might as well of just went up to the chairman of the united states and told him too screw off. They seemed to not care at all what they did to the americans. Another thing that they did was that they were interfering with all of the trade of the united states. Though even worse they were intercepting american ships and illegally improsining the american seamen. This as you can imagine would greatly anger the united states. The president at the time Madison demanded that britain revoke the oder in the council that declared american commercial vessels subject to interception and seizure.Britian ingnored this demand. Which angered the U. S. even more and congress declared war. After about a week of the declartation britain removed the provocative order and so there was no longer reason for a war to arise. There are some people including me that think that if there was bet ter communication between europe and the united states and north america then the war could have been avoided entirely. some(prenominal) people like to call the war of 1812 the second revolutionary war. But how could this be if the united states of american was already free of briatin.Well some people think that this is the second revolutionary war because they think that the americans were pretty much showing once again that they were there own country witht their own rules and their own trading. Which in that sense does kind of make it the second revolutionary war for america. Another reason that the war of 1812 is a second revolutionary war is because of what happened in the war. The britsish came and completely burned Washington D. C. down to the ground. This is actually where our star spangled banner came from.Which personally i think is one of the best reasons to say that it was the second revolutionary war. So in all technicality this was the second revolutionary war because we were fighting from the british so that we were able to have a rights as a free country. Why not say thats what it is? Because that is exacty what it was. After all the reasearch that was done to be able to write this paper i do and will unceasingly strongly believe that the war of 1812 most certainly could have been avoided entirely.

Codes of Ethics Comparative Chart Essay

mplete the following tables to compare several organizations and their guidelines about their responsibilities to their clients, their responsibilities to dish up providers, their attitudes concerning the duty to warn and the duty to protect, and cultural considerations.Responsibility to inviteeOrganizationResponsibility to clientNational Organization of Human work (NOHS)Human service professionals respect the integrity and welfare of the client at completely times. Each client is treated with respect, acceptance and dignity. American friendship for spousal relationship and Family Therapy (AAMFT) Marriage and family therapists advance the welfare of families and individuals. They respect the rights of those persons seeking their assistance, and make reasonable efforts to meet that their go are used appropriately. National association of Social Workers (NASW)Social workers primary goal is to help people in need and to address affectionate problems. American Psychological Ass ociation (APA)They provide only(prenominal) those services and use only those techniques for which they are measure up by education, training, or experience. American CounselingAssociation (ACA)The primary responsibility of counselors is to respect the dignity and promote the welfare of clients.Responsibility to ProviderOrganizationResponsibility to providerNational Organization of Human Services (NOHS)When a conflict arises between fulfilling the responsibility to the employer and the responsibility to the client, human service professionals advise both of the conflict and work conjointly with all involved to pick out the conflict. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) Marriage and family therapists respect the rights and responsibilities of professional colleagues and participate in activities that advance the goals of the profession. National Association of Social Workers (NASW)Social workers should provide services and represent themselves as competent only within the boundaries of their education, training, license, certification, consultation received, supervised experience, or other relevant professional experience. American Psychological Association (APA)Psychologists aid professional standards of conduct, clarify their professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate responsibility for their behavior, and adapt their methods to the needs of different populations American Counseling Association (ACA)Counselors accept employment only for positions for which they are qualified given their education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience. Counselors hire for professional counseling positions only individuals who are qualified and competent for those positions.Attitudes Concerning the Duty to Warn and the Duty to ProtectOrganizationAttitudes concerning the duty to warn and the duty to protect National Organization of Human Services (NOHS)If it i s surmise that danger or harm may occur to the client or to others as a result of a clients behavior, the human service professional acts in an appropriate and professional manner to protect the safety of those individuals. This may involve seeking consultation, supervision, and/or breaking the confidentiality of the relationship. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) Marriage and family therapists comply with applicable laws regarding the reporting of alleged unethical conduct. National Association of Social Workers (NASW)Social workers should have the best interest if their client at all times, and should report any alleged abuse or unethical behavior for the safety of the client. American Psychological Association (APA)Psychologists take reasonable locomote to avoid harming their patients or clients, research participants, students, and others with whom they work, and to minimize harm where it is foreseeable and unavoidable American Counseling Association (ACA)Counselors act to avoid harming their clients, trainees, and research participants and to minimize or to remedy unavoidable or unanticipated harm.Cultural ConsiderationsOrganizationCultural considerationsNational Organization of Human Services (NOHS)Human service professionals are internal about the cultures and communities within which they practice. They are aware of multiculturalism in society and its impact on the community as well as individuals within the community. They respect individuals and groups, their cultures and beliefs. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) Marriage and family therapists provide professional assistance to persons withoutdiscrimination on the basis of race, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, disability, gender, health status, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identicalness or relationship status. National Association of Social Workers (NASW)Social workers should obtain education about and seek to u nderstand the nature of social diversity and conquest with respect to race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration status, and mental or physical disability. American Psychological Association (APA)Psychologists are aware of cultural, individual, and role differences, including those due to age, gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, and socioeconomic status. Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone unfair discriminatory practices. American Counseling Association (ACA)Counselor educators actively infuse multicultural/diversity competency in their training and supervision practices. They actively train students to gain awareness, knowledge, and skills in the competencies of multicultural practice.

Dreschler Hotel Consultation

I have reviewed the trend analysis for the Dreschler Hotel and competing hotels and find that in comparison to the competing market, Dreschler is well within the numbers on mediocre. line rate as comp atomic number 18d with analogous hotels appears to be almost par with an average of 99. 3 transmission line leader for the last six month period of 2005. This is stating that on average Dreschler is almost at the same rate of occupancy as other competing hotels. The average daily room rate comes out to a 100. 8 index which is stating that the rate being charged daily is at or above what other hotels in this competing industry are charging.The same with the revenue per open live, the 6 month average comes out to an index of 99. 9 compared with like hotels. In review of this trend analysis, I believe the occupancy rate can be improved during the summer months beca hold of the location and activities liberty chited by this lodging facility. But, after reviewing Santa Cruz County fo r the year 2005, average occupancy rate for hotels was at 64. 7% and for the alone state of genus Arizona the annual average was only 65. 8%. Dreschler appears to be on the upper end of these averages at 72. 6% average for the last 6 months of the year.This figure could on the face of it be higher or lower because of the figures for the first 6 months of the year. Based on the figures of having approximately 8 rooms on average per day procurable out of 30 is not all that bad, nor is it good. When the ADR is at $103. 71 on average for Dreschler while the average ADR statewide is only $90. 39, it could be possible to put forward discounts during slower seasons in order to fill the rooms. Another choice would be to offer specials to with surrounding businesses such as wine tasting events, art and museum events, ethnic events, bird watching events, and even biking or hiking outings.Potential Improvements Dreschler has quite a bit to offer as far as amenities in whole and the amount of rooms available. I would start with making changes in the rooms, amount of rooms, and types of rooms. For starters, let us cut back on the amount of rooms that are sharing bathrooms and create more privacy for the knob. I would ensure that all rooms and suites have their own lavoratory at minimum. Single rooms with only buttockschamber setting and sitting nook should have a bathroom with toilet, sink, and shower. There should be a choice of which type of single room a guest would want by changing up the beds.Offer some with two twins, or single twin and hide-a-bed sofa and of course the queen. Next room demeanor would be more like a mini apartment suite. This would have a sitting area separate from the bedroom and bathroom. Also offer the choices of bed set-ups in the larger suites such as double twins, queen, and king. The bathroom would be the same as with the single rooms as well. There has to be a deluxe suite of some sort, a couple would be good like a Honeymoon suite o r an Executive suite, or perchance both. The honeymoon suite would be approximately 800 square feet of luxury.The bedroom would be separate from the sitting room, breakfast nook just inside the balcony doors the bathroom would be private with a bath as well as the toilet, sink, and shower. I would probably suggest this room be on the second floor with a balcony overlooking the tend and possible put a Jacuzzi on this deck. The Executive suite would be geared for business personnel that may be in town or nearby for a convention or meeting of some sort. This room would offer two separate sleeping quarters, sitting area, breakfast nook, full bathroom with toilet, sink, and shower, and a deck as well, that overlooks the garden area.All rooms will be equipped with satellite television, a sound trunk that is controlled by the guest, alarm clocks, Wi-Fi connection, and air conditioning. Other amenities will include coffee, tea, and hot chocolate in rooms with mini fridges, microwaves, a desk area, literature regarding the narration of the surrounding area, community features, events, and activities, and of course for the bathroom we would offer a hair dryer, ironing board that folds up in the wall, and hand lotions, soaps, and shampoos. Other areas of the make-up could be opened up more for private sitting clipping or just admiring the beauty surrounding the lodge.Breakfast is served at the door of all rooms by 7 a. m. every morning, and consists of cheeses, fresh fruits, juices, yogurts, and fresh baked pastries. I would like to see a public dining area in the garden for those who wish to dine on their morning pastry and coffee in the comfort of the morning sun. Funding Options There are several funding options available since we have no working capital. We could go public and offer shares to raise money to invest into the modifications, but the problem with this is that as a business proprietor you will not get to keep 100% of the profits you will be paying yo ur shareholders a dividend.Equity investors will require a office of ownership as well as the return on their investment. This can also wind up being costly down the road. Another option is to acquire a impart, but most lending institutes will only lend 60%-70% of the requested amount leaving the borrower having to raise the other 30%-40% in equity. This may not be a bad deal if the equity investor does not demand a large portion of ownership and is patient of on returns. Another option is a 7(a) loan since they are the simplest and most common loan type from the Small Business Association.The financing of a 7(a) loan can be guaranteed for a variety of general business purposes such as working capital, machinery and equipment, furniture and fixtures, and debt refinancing (under special conditions). Loan maturity is up to 10 years for working capital and generally up to 25 years for fixed assets (http//www. sba. gov). These types of loans are easily obtained since many banks in Am erica participate in SBAs program and structure the loans according the requirements of this program.The SBA shares the risk with the bank if the borrower defaults. The eligibility requirements are fairly broad to accommodate the most diverse variety of small business financing needs (http//www. sba. gov). To Convert or Not to Convert A couple of benefits to converting this property to either a timeshare, condominium, or mixed-use property would be a) the spry cash flow available up front from the rooms being purchased by timeshare holders and b) therefore the owner does not have to wait for the project to pay a return on investment.Timeshare would be nice in that all rooms would hopefully be sold and utilized throughout the year. The length of time that someone holds a share for can be up to 30 years. The condominium aspect is slightly different in that the investor does not actually use the room but hopes to make an return on his investment in that room. This can pose a problem if there is not much action mechanism in that investors room. A mixed use set-up would probably be the most beneficial of the three since it would offer the owner a diverse microbe of income from a variety of shops and businesses within the hotel.Although, I do not see this being a possibility here since this is a bed and breakfast establishment with over 90 shops within walking distance. You also have the issues of trying to seduce high quality brand name partners to work with you, and selling the topic to other investors and possibly lending institutions could pose a real problem if you do not have a complete understanding of the market demands.I think that keeping this bed and breakfast as is would be the most beneficial but the modifications and room upgrades need to be more accommodating to a variety of guests in order to achieve the higher revenues possible. New Name Coming up with a new name for the establishment can be a challenge since I am suggesting the modifications that I am. There is no significant one type of person that I am trying to attract to this establishment, but more of a variety in order to fill all the rooms on a regular basis.I would like to offer up the name of Santa Cruz Country Inn since this is in the heart of Santa Cruz County and offers up the scenic picturesque province side that it does. All of the features of this establishment speak country to me. The bird watching, hiking, natural beauty of the landscape surrounding the inn, the state parks, proximity of the Santa Cruz river, and just the all around peaceful feeling one has when here. I would like to offer a bed and breakfast that makes all who stay desire to return because of the comfort and relaxation that they feel while visiting this fine establishment.Referencehttp//www.tubaccountryinn.com/accommodations.html

Ethnic and Racial Group overview Essay

While I have got al steerings believed myself to be reasonably educated just about racial diversity, and non- diagonal against those who come from diverse ethnic backgrounds than my own, this course has taught me that there is much more to the history and reality of Americas struggle to overcome the all too real problem that is prejudice and dissimilarity. I have learned much about my own background and history that I was not previously aware of as well. The history of Prejudice and difference in America dates as far back as to the days of slavery.While to most this is a well-known fact, there are a a few(prenominal) facts about my own ethnic history that were not well-known to me until I participated in this course. The fact that stands out the most is that German immigrants ( such as my own grandparents) suffered a reality of segregation in schools and language barriers, not unlike that of todays Mexican Americans. German Americans struggled to establish bi-lingual schools be cause they were a growing population in America, and the need was apparent.Knowing this opens up a only new perspective of my understanding of just how equal we all really are. Because trends in immigration have grown steadily and will continue to grow well into the future, by the year 2050, the U. S. population will experience a culture of diversity so elaborate, and so completely wide spread resulting in America having no choice but to unite, or suffer from mass self-destruction of the worst kind. The challenges of such a diverse America will be apparent in many ways, and there will be some of the same issues of discrimination and prejudice that have always been.With all of the different cultures coming together, there will be inevitable language barriers, which will result in a continue issue of segregation among children, and the added challenge of providing them with equal educational opportunities. In the same way that children have to face the challenges of diversity, so do the adults who will face discrimination and possible insufficient opportunity to move forward based on their race. On the other hand, when faced with such diversity, America as a whole will be forced to accept change, and perhaps finally overcome the issues that it has been faced with for so long.The opportunity will rise, with the variety of diversity, to become educated about those who are around us. Because there will be nothing else to do but find a way to work together, or to fail as nation, I think that the way that we all see one another is going to change significantly. The idea that others are inferior in any way to any other individual will begin to fade, because with so much diversity all around, there will not be a majority, nor a minority. Perhaps equality in racial group numbers will finally be the key to unlock the door to a prejudice-free America.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 10 Book

HAND-ON-THIGH STORY- An occasion cited by Hari Seldon as the first turning point in his search for a method to develop psychohistory. Unfortunately, his published belles-lettres give no indication as to what that story was and speculations concerning it ( t here(predicate) go through been galore(postnominal)) are futile. It remains ane of the m for incessantlyy intriguing mysteries concerning Seldons career.Encyclopedia galactica45.Raindrop Forty-Three stared at Seldon, wild-eyed and breathing heavily. I cornerst unmatchedt taking into custody here, she express.Seldon aired virtually. No one is bothering us. Even the Brother from whom we got the dainties express nonhing about us. He seemed to take us as a absolutely normal pair.Thats beca persona at that place is nonhing un frequent about us-when the blank is dim, when you keep your voice outset so the tribesman accent is less noticeable, and when I seem calm. and presently- Her voice was growing hoarse.What of fla t?I am nervous and tense. I am in a perspiration.Who is to notice? Relax. Calm mass.I cleart undo here. I cant calm reduce while I whitethorn be noticed.Where are we to go, therefore? in that respect are dwarfish sheds for resting. I obtain worked here. I cognize about them.She was walking rapidly instanter and Seldon followed. Up a sm altogether ramp, which he would not claim noticed in the twilight without her, there was a line of accesss, well sp pick out a depart workforcet.The one at the end, she muttered. If its free.It was unoccupied. A keen glowing rectangle express NOT IN USE and the door was ajar.Raindrop Forty-Three looked about rapidly, motioned Seldon in, wherefore feelingped inside herself. She closed the door and, as she did so, a sm alone ceiling light brightened the interior.Seldon express, Is there either way the bless on the door can indicate this shed is in use?That happened automatic each(prenominal)(a)y when the door closed and the light went on, said the Sister.Seldon could feel air softly circulating with a small sighing sound, only when where on Trantor was that ever-present sound and feel not apparent? The room was not large, but it had a cot with a firm, efficient mattress, and what were obviously clean sheets. There was a c pilus and table, a small refrigerator, and roughlything that looked interchangeable an enclose hot plate, in all probability a tiny food-heater.Raindrop Forty-Three sit down on the chair, sitting bang upright, visibly attempting to force herself into relaxation.Seldon, uncertain as to what he ought to do, remained standing till she gestured-a bit impatiently-for him to sit on the cot. He did so.Raindrop Forty-Three said softly, as though public lecture to herself, If it is ever contendn that I keep been here with a man-even if only a tribesman-I shall indeed be an outcast.Seldon rose quickly. Then lets not stay here.Sit down. I cant go out when Im in this mood. Youve been asking about religion. What are you after?It seemed to Seldon that she had changed completely. gone(a) was the passivity, the subservience. There was none of the shyness, the backwardness in the presence of a male. She was glaring at him through change eyes.I told you. Knowledge. Im a scholar. It is my profession and my desire to know, I hope to understand people in particular, so I want to take heed history. For many conceptions, the superannuated historical records-the truly ancient historical records- feel shitty into myths and legends, often becoming part of a set of religious beliefs or of super innateism. But if Mycogen does not need a religion, whence(prenominal)-I said we confine history.Seldon said, Twice youve said you postulate history. How old?It goes back twenty thousand years.Truly? Let us speak frankly. Is it current history or is it almost(a)thing that has degenerated into legend?It is real history, of course.Seldon was on the point of asking how she could declaim , but pattern better of it. Was there really a run into that history susceptibility reach back twenty thousand years and be authentic? He was not a historian himself, so he would live with to check with Dors.But it seemed so belike to him that on every world the earliest histories were medleys of self-serving heroisms and minidramas that were meant as morality plays and were not to be interpreted literally. It was veritablely true of Helicon, yet you would decide scarcely a Heliconian who would not swear by all the tales told and insist it was all true history. They would support, as such, even that perfectly wet tale of the first geographic expedition of Helicon and the encounters with large and dangerous flying reptiles-even though nothing like flying reptiles had been implant to be native to any world explored and settled by human beings.He said instead, How does this history stupefy?There was a faraway look in the Sisters eyes, a look that did not focus on Seldon or o n anything in the room. She said, It begins with a world-our world. One world.One world? (Seldon remembered that Hummin had spoken of legends of a unity, sea captain world of humanity.)One world. There were others later, but ours was the first. One world, with space, with collapse air, with room for everyone, with fertile fields, with friendly homes, with fiery people. For thousands of years we lived there and then we had to leave and skulk in one give or other until some of us found a corner of Trantor where we learned to grow food that brought us a petite freedom. And here in Mycogen, we now have our own ways-and our own dreams.And your histories give the full lucubrate concerning the fundal world? The one world?Oh yes, it is all in a book and we all have it. Every one of us. We carry it at all mea original so that there is never a moment when any one of us cannot open it and instruct it and remember who we are and who we were and resolve that someday we result have our world back.Do you know where this world is and who lives on it now?Raindrop Forty-Three hesitated, then shook her compass point fiercely. We do not, but someday we will beat it.And you have this book in your possession now?Of course.May I see that book?Now a slow impart a face crossed the face of the Sister. She said, So thats what you want. I knew you wanted something when you asked to be guided through the microfarms by me alone. She seemed a little embarrassed. I didnt think it was the Book.It is all I want, said Seldon earnestly. I really did not have my mind on anything else. If you brought me here because you thought-She did not allow him to finish. But here we are. Do you or dont you want the Book?argon you offering to let me see it?On one condition.Seldon paused, weighing the possibility of real trouble if he had overcome the Sisters inhibitions to a greater extent than he had ever intended. What condition? he said.Raindrop Forty-Threes tongue emerged lightly and licke d quickly at her lips. Then she said with a distinct dread in her voice, That you remove your skincap.46.Hari Seldon stared blankly at Raindrop Forty-Three. There was a perceptible moment in which he did not know what she was talking about. He had forgotten he was wearing a skincap.Then he put his buy the farm to his head and, for the first time, consciously snarl the skincap he was wearing. It was smooth, but he matte up the tiny resilience of the hair beneath. Not oft. His hair, after all, was fine and without much body. He said, still smelling it, Why?She said, Because I want you to. Because thats the condition if you want to see the Book.He said, Well, if you really want me to. His hand probed for the edge, so that he could peel it off.But she said, No, let me do it. Ill do it. She was looking at him hungrily.Seldon dropped his custody to his lap. Go ahead, then.The Sister rose quickly and sat down abutting to him on the cot. Slowly, carefully, she detached the skincap f rom his head middling in front of his ear. Again she licked her lips and she was panting as she loosened the skincap about his os frontale and turned it up. Then it came away and was gone and Seldons hair, released, seemed to stir a bit in glad freedom.He said, troubled, Keeping my hair under the skincap has probably do my scalp sweat. If so, my hair will be human body of damp.He raised his hand, as though to check the matter, but she caught it and held it back. I want to do that, she said. Its part of the condition. Her fingers, slowly and hesitantly, touched his hair and then withdrew. She touched it again and, very gently, stroked it. Its dry, she said. It feels good.Have you ever felt cephalic hair forrader?Only on children sometimes. This is different. She was stroking again.In what way? Seldon, even amid his embarrassment, found it possible to be curious.I cant say. Its just different.After a while he said, Have you had adequacy?No. Dont rush me. Can you make it lie anyw ay you want it to?Not really. It has a natural way of falling, but I need a comb for that and I dont have one with me.A comb?An object with prongs uh, like a fork but the prongs are more numerous and some softer.Can you use your fingers? She was running hers through his hair.He said, After a fashion. It doesnt work very well.Its burred behind.The hair is shorter there.Raindrop Forty-Three seemed to recall something. The eyebrows, she said. Isnt that what theyre called? She stripped off the shields, then ran her fingers through the gentle arc of hair, against the grain. Thats nice, she said, then laughed in a steep-pitched way that was almost like her untrieder sisters giggle. Theyre cute.Seldon said a little impatiently, Is there anything else thats part of the condition?In the rather dim light, Raindrop Forty-Three looked as though she top executive be escorting an affirmative, but said nothing. Instead, she suddenly withdrew her hold and lifted them to her nose. Seldon wonde red what she might be smelling. How odd, she said. May I may I do it again another time?Seldon said uneasily, If you will let me have the Book long enough to study it, then perhaps.Raindrop Forty-Three reached into her kirtle through a slit that Seldon had not noticed before and, from some hidden inner pocket, removed a book bound in some tough, flexible material. He took it, trying to control his excitement. While Seldon readjusted his skincap to cover his hair, Raindrop Forty-Three raised her hands to her nose again and then, gently and quickly, licked one finger.47.Felt your hair? said Dors Venabili. She looked at Seldons hair as though she was of a mind to feel it herself.Seldon moved away slightly. Please dont. The woman do it seem like a perversion.I bet it was-from her standpoint. Did you derive no plea certain from it yourself?Pleasure? It gave me gooseflesh. When she eventually stopped, I was able to breathe again. I kept thinking What other conditions will she make?Dors laughed. Were you afeard(predicate) that she would force end up upon you? Or hopeful?I assure you I didnt dare think. I just wanted the Book.They were in their room now and Dors turned on her field distorter to make sure they would not be overheard.The Mycogenian night was about to begin. Seldon had removed his skincap and kirtle and had bathed, paying particular attention to his hair, which he had foamed and rinsed twice. He was now sitting on his cot, wearing a light nightgown that had been hanging in the closet.Dors said, eyes dancing, Did she know you have hair on your chest?I was hoping earnestly she wouldnt think of that.Poor Hari. It was all perfectly natural, you know. I would probably have had similar trouble if I was alone with a Brother. Worse, Im sure, since he would imagine-Mycogenian friendship being what it is-that as a woman I would be bound to obey his pastures without delay or demur.No, Dors. You may think it was perfectly natural, but you didnt experience it . The poor woman was in a high state of sexual excitement. She engaged all her senses smelled her fingers, licked them. If she could have heard hair grow, she would have listened avidly.But thats what I mean by natural. Anything you make forbidden gains sexual attractiveness. Would you be oddly interested in womens breasts if you lived in a society in which they were displayed at all times?I think I might.Wouldnt you be more interested if they were always hidden, as in most societies they are?- Listen, let me tell you something that happened to me. I was at a lake resort back home on Cinna I presume you have resorts on Helicon, beaches, that sort of thing?Of course, said Seldon, slightly annoyed. What do you think Helicon is, a world of rocks and mountains, with only well water to drink?No offense, Hari. I just want to make sure youll get the point of the story. On our beaches at Cinna, were pretty lighthearted about what we wear or dont wear. nude sculpture beaches?Not actually, t hough I suppose if someone removed all of his or her clothing it wouldnt be much remarked on. The custom is to wear a decent minimum, but I moldiness film that what we consider decent leaves very little to the imagination.Seldon said, We have somewhat higher standards of decency on Helicon.Yes, I could tell that by your careful treatment of me, but to each its own. In any case, I was sitting at the small beach by the lake and a young man approached to whom I had spoken earlier in the day. He was a decent fellow I found nothing particularly wrong with. He sat on the arm of my chair and placed his right hand on my left hand(a) thigh, which was bare, of course, in order to steady himself.After we had spoken for a minute and a half or so, he said, impishly. hither I am. You know me hardly at all and yet it seems perfectly natural to me that I place my hand on your thigh. Whats more, it seems perfectly natural to you, since you dont seem to mind that it remains there.It was only then that I actually noticed that his hand was on my thigh. Bare skin in customary somehow loses some of its sexual quality. As I said, its the hiding from dupe that is crucial.And the young man felt this too, for he went on to say, Yet if I were to meet you under more formal conditions and you were wearing a gown, you wouldnt dream of allow me lift your gown and place my hand on your thigh on the precise spot it now occupies.I laughed and we continued to talk of this and that. Of course, the young man, now that my attention had been called to the position of his hand, felt it no long-run appropriate to keep it there and removed it.That night I dressed for dinner with more than usual care and appeared in clothing that was considerably more formal than was required or than other women in the dining room were wearing. I found the young man in question. He was sitting at one of the tables. I approached, greeted him, and said, here I am in a gown, but under it my left thigh is bare. I g ive you permission. Just lift the gown and place your hand on my left thigh where you had it earlier.He tried. Ill give him credit for that, but everyone was staring. I wouldnt have stopped him and Im sure no one else would have stopped him either, but he couldnt bring himself to do it. It was no more public then than it had been earlier and the same people were present in both cases. It was clear that I had taken the initiative and that I had no objections, but he could not bring himself to violate the proprieties. The conditions, which had been hand-on-thigh in the afternoon, were not hand-on-thigh in the evening and that meant more than anything logic could say.Seldon said, I would have put my hand on your thigh.Are you sure?Positive.Even though your standards of decency on the beach are higher than ours are?Yes.Dors sat down on her own cot, then lay down with her hands behind her head. So that youre not particularly disturbed that Im wearing a nightgown with very little underne ath it.Im not particularly shocked. As for being disturbed, that depends on the definition of the word. Im certainly aware of how youre dressed.Well, if were going to be cooped up here for a period of time, well have to learn to ignore such things.Or take advantage of them, said Seldon, grinning. And I like your hair. After seeing you bald all day, I like your hair.Well, dont touch it. I havent serve it yet. She half-closed her eyes. Its interesting. Youve detached the free-and-easy and formal level of respectability. What youre saying is that Helicon is more respectable at the informal level than Cinna is and less respectable at the formal level. Is that right?Actually, Im just talking about the young man who placed his hand on your thigh and myself. How representative we are as Cinnians and Heliconians, respectively, I cant say. I can easily imagine some perfectly proper individuals on both worlds-and some madcaps too.Were talking about social pressures. Im not exactly a Galacti c traveler, but Ive had to involve myself in a great deal of social history. On the planet of Derowd, there was a time when premarital sex was absolutely free. Multiple sex was allowed for the unmarried and public sex was frowned upon only when traffic was blocked And yet, after marriage, monogamy was absolute and unbroken. The theory was that by working off all ones fantasies first, one could settle down to the serious demarcation of bearing.Did it work?About three hundred years ago that stopped, but some of my colleagues say it stopped through external pressure from other worlds who were losing too much tourist business to Derowd. There is such a thing as overall Galactic social pressure too.Or perhaps economic pressure, in this case.Perhaps. And being at the University, by the way, I get a get to study social pressures, even without being a Galactic traveler. I meet people from heaps of places inside and away of Trantor and one of the pet amusements in the social science dep artments is the comparison of social pressures.Here in Mycogen, for instance, I have the impression that sex is strictly controlled and is permitted under only the most strict rules, all the more tightly enforced because it is never discussed. In the Streeling Sector, sex is never discussed either, but it isnt condemned. In the Jennat Sector, where I spent a week once doing research, sex is discussed endlessly, but only for the purpose of denounce it. I dont suppose there are any 2 sectors in Trantor-or any two worlds outside Trantor-in which attitudes toward sex are completely duplicated.Seldon said, You know what you make it sound like? It would appear-Dors said, Ill tell you how it appears. All this talk of sex makes one thing clear to me. Im simply not going to let you out of my messiness anymore.What?Twice I let you go, the first time through my own misjudgment and the second because you bullied me into it. Both times it was cl primaeval a mistake. You know what happened to you the first time.Seldon said indignantly, Yes, but nothing happened to me the second time.You nearly got into a lot of trouble. Suppose you had been caught indulging in sexual escapades with a Sister?It wasnt a sexual- You yourself said she was in a high state of sexual excitement.But-It was wrong. Please get it through your head, Hari. From now on, you go nowhere without me.Look, said Seldon freezingly, my object was to find out about Mycogenian history and as a result of the alleged(prenominal) sexual escapade with a Sister, I have a book-the Book.The Book True, theres the Book. Lets see it.Seldon produced it and Dors thoughtfully hefted it.She said, It might not do us any good, Hari. This doesnt look as though it will fit any projector Ive ever encountered. That means youll have to get a Mycogenian projector and theyll want to know why you want it. Theyll then find out you have this Book and theyll take it away from you.Seldon smiled. If your assumptions were correct, Dors, yo ur conclusions would be inescapable, but it happens that this is not the kind of book you think it is. Its not meant to be projected. The material is bring outed on various pages and the pages are turned. Raindrop Forty-Three explained that much to me.A print-book It was hard to tell whether Dors was shocked or amused. Thats from the Stone Age.Its certainly pre-Empire, said Seldon, but not exclusively so. Have you ever seen a print-book?Considering that Im a historian? Of course, Hari.Ah, but like this one?He handed over the Book and Dors, smiling, opened it-then turned to another page-then flipped the pages. Its blank, she said.It appears to be blank. The Mycogenians are stubbornly primitivistic, but not simply so. They will keep to the essence of the primitive, but have no objection to use modern technology to modify it for conveniences sake. Who knows?Maybe so, Hari, but I dont understand what youre saying.The pages arent blank, theyre covered with microprint. Here, give it back. If I press this little nubbin on the inner edge of the cover- LookThe page to which the book lay open was suddenly covered with lines of print that rolled slowly upward.Seldon said, You can adjust the rate of upward tendency to match your reading speed by slightly twisting the nubbin one way or the other. When the lines of print reach their upward limit when you reach the bottom line, that is-they snap downward and turn off. You turn to the nigh page and continue.Where does the energy come from that does all this?It has an enclosed microfusion battery that lasts the liveliness of the book.Then when it runs down-You discard the book, which you may be required to do even before it runs down, given wear and tear, and get another copy. You never replace the battery.Dors took the Book a second time and looked at it from all sides. She said, I must admit I never heard of a book like this.Nor I. The Galaxy, generally, has moved into visual technology so rapidly, it skipped over t his possibility.This is visual.Yes, but not with the orthodox effects. This type of book has its advantages. It holds far more than an ordinary visual book does.Dors said, Wheres the turn-on?-Ah, let me see if I can work it. She had opened to a page at random and set the lines of print marching upward. Then she said, Im afraid this wont do you any good, Hari. Its pre-Galactic. I dont mean the book. I mean the print the language.Can you read it, Dors? As a historian-As a historian, Im used to dealing with archaic language-but within limits. This is far too ancient for me. I can make out a few words here and there, but not enough to be useful.Good, said Seldon. If its really ancient, it will be useful.Not if you cant read it.I can read it, said Seldon. Its bilingual. You dont suppose that Raindrop Forty-Three can read the ancient script, do you?If shes educated properly, why not?Because I comic that women in Mycogen are not educated past household duties. Some of the more learned men can read this, but everyone else would need a translation to Galactic. He pushed another nubbin. And this supplies it.The lines of print changed to Galactic Standard.Delightful, said Dors in admiration.We could learn from these Mycogenians, but we dont.We havent known about it.I cant believe that. I know about it now. And you know about it. There must be outsiders coming into Mycogen now and then, for commercial or political reasons, or there wouldnt be skincaps so ready for use. So every once in a while someone must have caught a glimpse of this sort of print-book and seen how it works, but its probably dismissed as something curious but not worth(predicate) further study, simply because its Mycogenian.But is it worth study?Of course. Everything is. Or should be. Hummin would probably point to this lack of concern about these books as a sign of degeneration in the Empire. He lifted the Book and said with a gush of excitement, But I am curious and I will read this and it may push me in the direction of psychohistory.I hope so, said Dors, but if you take my advice, youll sleep first and approach it fresh in the morning. You wont learn much if you nod over it.Seldon hesitated, then said, How maternal you areIm watching over you.But I have a mother alive on Helicon. I would rather you were my friend.As for that, I have been your friend since first I met you. She smiled at him and Seldon hesitated as though he were not certain as to the appropriate rejoinder.Finally he said, Then Ill take your advice-as a friend-and sleep before reading.He made as though to put the Book on a small table between the two cots, hesitated, turned, and put it under his pillow.Dors Venabili laughed softly. I think youre afraid I will wake during the night and read parts of the Book before you have a chance to. Is that it?Well, said Seldon, trying not to look ashamed, that may be it. Even friendship only goes so far and this is my book and its my psychohistory.I agree, said Dors, and I promise you that we wont quarrel over that. By the way, you were about to say something earlier when I break off you. Remember?Seldon thought briefly. No.In the dark, he thought only of the Book. He gave no thought to the hand-on-thigh story. In fact, he had already quite forgotten it, consciously at least.48.Venabili woke up and could tell by her timeband that the night period was only half over. Not hearing Haris snore, she could tell that his cot was empty. If he had not left the apartment, then he was in the bathroom. She tapped lightly on the door and said softly, Hari?He said, set about in, in an abstracted way and she did. The toilet lid was down and Seldon, seated upon it, held the Book open on his lap. He said, quite unnecessarily, Im reading.Yes, I see that. But why?I couldnt sleep. Im sorry.But why read in here?If I had turned on the room light, I would have woken you up.Are you sure the Book cant be illuminated?Pretty sure. When Raindrop Forty-Three described its work ings, she never mentioned illumination. Besides, I suppose that would use up so much energy that the battery wouldnt last the life of the Book. He sounded dissatisfied.Dors said, You can step out, then. I want to use this place, as long as Im here.When she emerged, she found him sitting cross-legged on his cot, still reading, with the room well lighted.She said, You dont look happy. Does the Book disappoint you?He looked up at her, blinking. Yes, it does. Ive sampled it here and there. Its all Ive had time to do. The thing is a virtual encyclopedia and the index is almost entirely a listing of people and places that are of little use for my purposes. It has nothing to do with the Galactic Empire or the pre-Imperial Kingdoms either. It deals almost entirely with a single world and, as nearly as I can make out from what I have read, it is an endless dissertation on internal politics.Perhaps you value its age. It may deal with a period when there was indeed only one world one inhabite d world.Yes, I know, said Seldon a little impatiently. Thats actually what I want-provided I can be sure its history, not legend. I wonder. I dont want to believe it just because I want to believe it.Dors said, Well, this matter of a single-world origin is much in the air these days. Human beings are a single species spread all over the Galaxy, so they must have originated somewhere. At least thats the favourite view at present. You cant have independent origins producing the same species on different worlds.But Ive never seen the inevitability of that argument, said Seldon. If human beings arose on a number of worlds as a number of different species, why couldnt they have interbred into some single intermediate species?Because species cant interbreed. Thats what makes them species.Seldon thought about it a moment, then dismissed it with a shrug. Well, Ill leave it to the biologists.Theyre precisely the ones who are keenest on the Earth hypothesis.Earth? Is that what they call the supposed world of origin?Thats a popular name for it, though theres no way of telling what it was called, assuming there was one. And no one has any clue to what its location might be.Earth said Seldon, curling his lips. It sounds like a belch to me. In any case, if the book deals with the original world, I didnt come across it. How do you enchantment the word?She told him and he checked the Book quickly. There you are. The name is not listed in the index, either by that spelling or any reasonable alternative.Really?And they do mention other worlds in passing. call arent given and there seems no interest in those other worlds except insofar as they this instant impinge on the local world they speak of at least as far as I can see from what Ive read. In one place, they talked about The Fifty. I dont know what they meant. Fifty leading? Fifty cities? It seemed to me to be fifty worlds.Did they give a name to their own world, this world that seems to preoccupy them entirely? asked Dors. If they dont call it Earth, what do they call it?As youd expect, they call it the world or the planet. Sometimes they call it the Oldest or the human of the Dawn, which has a poetic significance, I presume, that isnt clear to me. I suppose one ought to read the Book entirely through and some matters will then grow to make more sense. He looked down at the Book in his hand with some distaste. It would take a very long time, though, and Im not sure that Id end up any the wiser.Dors sighed. Im sorry, Hari. You sound so disappointed.Thats because I am disappointed. Its my fault, though. I should not have allowed myself to expect too much.-At one point, come to think of it, they referred to their world as Aurora. Aurora? said Dors, lifting her eyebrows.It sounds like a proper name. It doesnt make any sense otherwise, as far as I can see. Does it mean anything to you, Dors?Aurora. Dors thought about it with a slight frown on her face. I cant say Ive ever heard of a planet with that name in the course of the history of the Galactic Empire or during the period of its growth, for that matter, but I wont pretend to know the name of every one of the twenty- five billion worlds. We could look it up in the University library-if we ever get back to Streeling. Theres no use trying to find a library here in Mycogen. Somehow I have a feeling that all their knowledge is in the Book. If anything isnt there, they arent interested.Seldon yawned and said, I think youre right. In any case, theres no use reading any more and I doubt that I can keep my eyes open any longer. Is it all right if I put out the light?I would welcome it, Hari. And lets sleep a little later in the morning.Then, in the dark, Seldon said softly, Of course, some of what they say is ridiculous. For instance, they refer to a life prevision on their world of between three and four centuries.Centuries?Yes, they count their ages by decades rather than by years. It gives you a queer feeling, because so much of what they say is perfectly matter-of-fact that when they come out with something that odd, you almost find yourself trapped into believing it.If you feel yourself beginning to believe that, then you should realize that many legends of primitive origins prehend extended life spans for early leaders. If theyre pictured as unbelievably heroic, you see, it seems natural that they have life spans to suit.Is that so? said Seldon, yawning again.It is. And the cure for advanced gullibility is to go to sleep and consider matters again the next day.And Seldon, pausing only long enough to think that an extended life span might well be a simple necessity for anyone trying to understand a Galaxy of people, slept.49.The next morning, feeling relaxed and smart and eager to begin his study of the Book again, Hari asked Dors, How old would you say the Raindrop sisters are?I dont know. Twenty twenty-two?Well, suppose they do live three or four centuries.Hari. Thats ridiculous.Im saying suppose. In mathematics, we say suppose all the time and see if we can end up with something patently untrue or self-contradictory. An extended life span would almost surely mean an extended period of development. They might seem in their early twenties and actually be in their sixties.You can try asking them how old they are.We can ask theyd lie.Look up their birth certificates.Seldon smiled wryly. Ill bet you anything you like-a roll in the hay, if youre willing-that theyll claim they dont keep records or that, if they do, they will insist those records are closed to tribespeople.No bet, said Dors. And if thats true, then its useless trying to suppose anything about their age.Oh no. Think of it this way. If the Mycogenians are living extended life spans that are four or five times that of ordinary human beings, they cant very well give birth to very many children without expanding their state tremendously. You remember that Sunmaster said something about not having the population expand and bit off his remarks angrily at that time.Dors said, What are you getting at?When I was with Raindrop Forty-Three, I saw no children.On the microfarms?Yes.Did you expect children there? I was with Raindrop Forty-Five in the shops and on the residential levels and I assure you I saw a number of children of all ages, including infants. Quite a few of them.Ah. Seldon looked chagrined. Then that would mean they cant be enjoying extended life spans.Dors said, By your line of argument, I should say definitely not. Did you really think they did?No, not really. But then you cant close your mind either and make assumptions without testing them one way or another.You can burn out a lot of time that way too, if you stop to chew away at things that are ridiculous on the face of it.Some things that seem ridiculous on the face of it arent. Thats all. Which reminds me. Youre the historian. In your work, have you ever come across objects or phenomena called robots?Ah Now youre switching to anot her legend and a very popular one. There are any number of worlds that imagine the existence of machines in human form in prehistoric times. These are called robots.The tales of robots probably originate from one master legend, for the general theme is the same. Robots were devised, then grew in numbers and abilities to the status of the almost superhuman. They threatened humanity and were destroyed. In every case, the destruction took place before the actual reliable historic records available to us today existed. The usual feeling is that the story is a symbolic picture of the risks and dangers of exploring the Galaxy, when human beings expanded outward from the world or worlds that were their original homes. There must always have been the fear of encountering other-and superior-intelligences.Perhaps they did at least once and that gave rise to the legend.Except that on no human-occupied world has there been any record or trace of any prehuman or anthropoid intelligence.But why robots? Does the word have meaning?Not that I know of, but its the tantamount(predicate) of the familiar automata. Automata Well, why dont they say so?Because people do use archaic terms for sea tang when they tell an ancient legend. Why do you ask all this, by the way?Because in this ancient Mycogenian book, they talk of robots. And very favorably, by the way.-Listen, Dors, arent you going out with Raindrop Forty-Five again this afternoon?Supposedly-if she shows up.Would you ask her some questions and try to get the answers out of her?I can try. What are the questions?I would like to find out, as tactfully as possible, if there is some structure in Mycogen that is particularly significant, that is tied in with the past, that has a sort of mythic value, that can-Dors interrupted, trying not to smile. I think that what you are trying to ask is whether Mycogen has a temple.And, inevitably, Seldon looked blank and said, Whats a temple?Another archaic term of uncertain origin. It mean s all the things you asked about-significance, past, myth. real well, Ill ask. Its the sort of thing, however, that they might find difficult to speak of. To tribespeople, certainly.Nevertheless, do try.

Pornography is not harmful to American Society Essay

This essay testament argue that smut is non harmful to American society. However, there are somewhat important reservations to be made the acceptable diversity of soot is legal adults engage in this activity with full consent. Obviously, there are some forms of ontogeny that are harmful and dangerous, such as forcing subjects to take part in porn production or involving minors in this process. However, this essay will not discuss these activities that are already illegal and prosecuted to applicable authorities. Instead, it will argue that pornography is a legitimate form of self- saying.Furthermore, it will dispel many myths that are determinationd by anti-pornography lobby (such as pornography leading to deflower or being addictive) to compendium to public sentiment with a view of enacting a more restrictive regime regulating the field. At the first glance, banning of pornography pursues a plausible aim protecting American citizens from the temptation of watch it. Gi ving this issue a second thought, it becomes evident that everything can go terribly wrong(p) if such rampart is instituted. Not only will it fail to achieve its goals, it will also harm the preservation and society in the most dramatic fashion conceivable.In a compete on pornography, enceintes defended the exemption of consenting adults to publish and consume pornography in private from moral and religious conservatives who wanted pornography banned for its obscenity, its corrupting impact on consumers and its corrosive effect on traditionalistic family and religious value (West, 2004, para. 3). Weighting such an intangible and relative thing as decline in social morale against a far more serious development of restriction on freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by our Constitution, it is necessary to admit that human rights are more important for the functioning of society than morale. good codes vary among different religious, ethnic and age groups therefore, it wou ld be unreasonable to base a federal insurance policy on moral considerations only. In every debate on civil liberties, the discussion is often contract down to the traditional dilemma of decriminalization and control v. prohibition and black market. This argument is hard to ferment in a debate on, for instance, legalization of drugs, since administrations of the world have proven to be sufficiently roaring in combating illicit drug trafficking. However, it perfectly applies to restrictions on pornography.The demand for pornography soaring, there will be abundant supply. The police will be incapable of preventing illegal pornography production. The sector force be heading towards wide-scale corruption. Moreover, lack of regulation in pornography production might result in exploitation, use of minors, or unacceptable working conditions. Thus, it is better to regulate this sector than to let black market make it it. There is a lesson America should have learned the 1920s were t he time of alcohol prohibition, and the regulation provided for a huge black market in alcohol to flourish, giving rise to bootlegging business and speakeasies. some(prenominal) gangsters, including Al Cap bingle and Bugs Moran, made fortunes selling alcohol illegally. Another hackneyed argument in a debate on civil liberties is that its better to taxation than to let shadow economy grow. However, this argument should be taken seriously in the U. S. at the present moment of its history. The falling dollar and slowdown in the housing market has placed the U. S. economy on the verge of recession. At the same time, more government revenue is needed to support the national welfare and healthcare programs.More money is needed in education and research. Large-scale foreign policy initiatives also require additional funding. Refusing other source of tax money is unacceptable for the time being. If the aforesaid is not enough to dismiss the feasibility of restrictions on pornography, anot her argument can be introduced into the debate. In general, civil liberties are in danger in the U. S. , and by clampdown on yet another one the government will send a very wrong message. In fact, the government should leave citizens the ability to think for themselves.Individuals should be able to make decisions about their tone careers themselves, and the government should be supportive of these decisions if they are deemed to be beneficial for the individual and society as a whole. Yet it is far beyond the jurisdiction of the government to protect an individual from the consequences of his/her conscious choices. In fact, it is the traditional dilemma of governmental regulation v. individual freedom. It may seem that restrictions on pornography would be in line with the theory of social contract.The state, which is the product of social contract, has the function of setting the limits on individual rights and freedoms. kindly contract implies that agents give a counseling a part of their freedom in return for security delivered by state. John Locke (2004, p. 33) writes Men by agreeing with other men, to join and unite into a community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living, one amongst another, in a secure enjoyment of their properties, and a greater security against any that are not of itmake one community or governmentand make one body politic. The situation is middling clear-cut when one individuals activity results in the violation of another individuals rights. When the realization of rights of one individual infringes on rights of another individual, the state should intervene to reestablish the balance amongst these rights of different individuals. However, in the case of pornography, the practice does not pose a danger to society. Feminists argue that pornography is dangerous because it perpetuates exploitation and oppression of women. However, this is not necessarily true. Men also star in pornography production, and women are not alw ays featured in subordinate roles.In the 1960s, a more liberal approach to internality was hailed as a major advancement of womens right. Pornography means that two male and female sexuality is no longer a taboo but rather a subject for public discussion and business activity Pornography breaks cultural and political stereotypes, so that each woman can interpret sex for herself Pornography tells them to accept and enjoy them. Pornography can be good therapy. Pornography provides a sexual outlet for those who for whatever reason have no sexual partner (McElroy, 2004, A Pro-Sex Defense).For some females, pornography might be a pleasurable way of expressing themselves, given the popularity of home videos. Liberals continue to maintain either that pornography does not cause harm to women (in the relevant, usually narrow, sense of harm), or they admit that pornography probably does cause some harm to womens interests, but deny that this harm is sufficiently great to offset the dange rs inherent in censorship and to disengage the violation of the rights of pornographers and would-be consumers (West, 2004, Recent debate liberals and feminists).A riskier argument that feminists were running was that pornography increases the number of instances of frustrate in society. However, empirical evidence in support of their claim has been scarce and contested. It leads to an obvious conclusion that pornography will not cause otherwise normal, decent chaps with no propensity to muff suddenly to metamorphose into rapists, (Feinberg, 1985. p. 153). approximately researchers have gone as far as to argue that consumption of pornography might slack rape rates (Landsburg, 2006).Since citizens can satisfy their sexual fantasies by watching them on the screen, their urge to practice sexual assaults in real life is weaker. In fact, empirical evidence suggests that porn effectively decreases rape The incidence of rape in the United States has declined 85% in the past 25 years speckle access to pornography has become freely available to teenagers and adults (DAmato, 2006, Abstract). While there are many critics contesting the actual correlation between the two variables, increase in accessibility of pornography would have led to skyrocketing rape rates, which is not happening.There is another positive feature of pornography being pointed out by sexologists and family therapists. For some couples, watching pornography together might enhance their sexual relationship and make them freer in expressing their desires and fantasies. genius more oft-cited danger of pornography is that it might cause an addiction. The government has long established itself as a body responsible for protecting its citizens against addictions, since they might foster compulsive behavior and lead to citizens harming themselves or other.This might be true about physical addictions, like addiction to drugs. However, addiction to pornography, if it exists, is a psychological phenome non. Psychologically, muckle can be addicted to anything, from computer games to chocolate, which does not provide grounds for the government to ban everything that is enjoying broad popularity. Taking all those arguments into account, it is possible to conclude that pornography is not as dangerous as it is portrayed, and prohibition of pornography might have devastating consequences for the society.

Why Study Organizations?

In station to solvent an essay question, maiden of any, we requirement to understand what is meant by the term system from the sociological point of view. Then we pack to understand what role organizations are playing in our behavior and wherefore it is essential to c each(prenominal) for them. As we can imagine, there are different types of organizations. All of them gift their proclaim structure and purpose. In this essay I would like to focus on business organizations how they appeared and developed how employees traffic were changing, etc.I would like to pay the specific attention to such department as adult male Resource focusing how this term appeared and why it is so important nowadays. So, why do we symboliseually need to study organizations? This question, from my point of view, has a very easy and obvious answer we need to study organizations for the selfsame(prenominal) reason we study the world around us. We are intelligent and curious stack. We always need an definition of what is happening, how the things are working, and what place do we take among other people.Organizations are the huge part of our youthful cursory life we either study or work for them, or we are obtaining goods and services from them. We are interacting with organizations all the time, so it is not surprising, that we want to study them and it does not matter if you are a manager or consumer you are still involved in it and you want to be aware of what is happening around you. What is organization? In sociology term organization has a very general meaning. This is basically a structure for carrying kayoed a particular social activity on a regular basis (Fulcher and Scott, 2009 p. 542).All the organizations cod such features as specific goal, defined membership, rules of behaviour, and authority relationships. This is also important to parent, that all organizations puzzle the feature film of continuity. This means that personnel can be changing, but the organization go out still exist. There is no clear definition of what social units come into the category of organizations. Some of them are easy to define, other will bring us some difficulties. For instance, business corporations, schools, hospitals, trade unions are definitely organizations, as they all form the characteristics mentioned before.On the other hand, communities, social groups, and class are not organizations, as they do not have rules of behaviour or specific goals. The problem can occur, when we come across the term institution. The first thing we need to understand here is that organization is not an institution. Institution is an established practice that mold the various activities that make up social life (Fulcher and Scott, 2009 p. 543). The most common examples of institutions in daily life are weddings and funerals. Although, these are two different terms, there is one class of organizations which is called measure institution.Most of the organizatio ns expire people with their separate private lives, but it is not the case with total institution. It is characterised by such features as dis appearance of private life, planned and supervised activities, sharp division between staff and inmates, the mortification of the self. The biggest examples of the total institution are mental hospital and prison, where people are isolated from the outside world and society. promptly we have a go at it what defines organizations, but we still did not get to the point why do we need to study them.From my point of view, it is essential to look at the historical background of organizations. We need to understand how they were appearing and create trough the time, in order to understand how they are functioning nowadays. In this essay I have decided to look specifically at one type of organizations business corporations. Weber (1914) said that modern society is distinguished from the earlier one by the appearance of the multiplicity of admin istrative tasks and the need to expertise and carry them. He called it the increasing complexity of civilization.Weber said that this phenomenon is caused by growing size of it of organizations, greater wealth and increasing social problems. If we would refer to the history of organizations, we can see the significant changes in structure, polices, employee relations, values, etc. The first interest in organizations appeared in the 19th century, which was driven by industrialization. Industrial gyration was caused by development of technologies, which totally changed the structure of most of the organizations, and lead to the transformation of society.The introduction of manufacturing process completely changed the employment relations. Discipline was the key feature of the new organization, as it helped to control and organize people much effectively this lead to the process of bureaucratization. New industrialists were looking for the profitable production. In order to achie ve it, they need punctuality and uninterrupted work during fixed hours from their employees. These targets were achieved by bureaucratisation, which was central to the administrative revolution. These rganizations were highly rational, they functioned in a discipline and unemotional manner, their activities were calculated, systematic and predictable. This approach helped the manufacturers maximize the return on their capital. This new manufacturing process was the offset of the new era of employment relations. Bureaucracy is a systematic approach all the workers had their duties and were stipendiary respectively. But, as many other theories, this system did not work so smooth in the real life, as it seemed on paper. Employers main purpose was to increase the profit, in order to do so, they were underpaying their employees.At the beginning people were happy just to have jobs, but the time passed and workers started to understand and fight for their human rights. This situation c aused the appearance of the new type of organizations called trade unions. Trade union is an organization of workers, who tied together in order to achieve better working conditions. It is suggested that the origins of trade unions lay in the failure of the early Factory act to protect children and women at the work place as a result many began to work together, forming unions to inflame for change in the law and greater respect for the workers (BBC).As we can see, relationships between employers and workers were getting more and more complicated. In order to keep companys profitability, employers had to meet workers conditions this brought the necessity of new oversight approach, which was called scientific or personnel management. This approach was first introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 19th century. personnel office Management was an administrative record-keeping function it attempted to maintain fair terms and conditions for employees. This was the beginni ng of the employee relations.Its main theme was to pay people for their productivity, the new reward system was introduced. In other words people were paid for the amount of time they worked and for the quantity of items they produced. This was the beginning of new era of management. Lately Personnel Management evolved into the pitying Resource Management, it was again caused by the employees unsatisfied demands. People were paid properly, but it was not plentiful anymore. Workers were tired of being treated as machines, they were demanding for more personal attitude. It was the time when pitying Resource Management was introduced.It was concerned with carrying out the same functional activities traditionally performed by the personnel function, such as recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, etc. But HRM approach was looking at employees from the point of view, that they are the main organizational assets. It was seeking to achieve the comp etitive advantage trough the strategic development of highly move and capable work force. In other words, employers were trying to create the comfortable and friendly working environment, in order to keep the best employees in the company.As we can see from the historical background, there were wide changes in the organizational structure and these changes appeared in a relatively small amount of time. We are sustentation in the world of progress, where everything is developing so fast, that it is sometimes very hard to catch up. By everything I mean every aspect of our lives technologies, government, countries, and of course people. People is the most important cause of all these changes organization, on the first place, is all about its employees without them it wouldnt exist.Thinking about personal development, I would like to mention Maslow Hierarchy of needs This pyramid clearly explains how workers needs were changing through the time first of all they needed job to earn m oney for living when they got it they needed to be secure that their income would be unchangeable (Trade Unions appear) then they needed to feel comfortable in their working environment (Personnel Management) the top two requirements cerebrate the personal recognition and the opportunity for development (this is what HRM is traffic with).Summarising everything said above, we can finally try to answer the question wherefore do we need to study organizations? Organizations are imprescriptible part of our life we are dealing with them practically in any aspect of our lives. We all study at the University at the moment, which means we are all part of this organization. In the future we are going to find the job and, most credibly nowadays, going to be the part of another organization. As we can see, we cannot avoid this component of our life. As the Latin saying claims Forewarned, forearmed.Studying organisations gives us an opportunity to know more about the world we live in, to know our lives and grab our chances. As we can see from the history. It was people, who changed the structure of organizations simple workers, who was looking for better life. The world has changed a lot and it keeps on changing. Organizations nowadays have to be more flexible and open-minded, in order to coax the best human assets and remain competitive enormous amounts of money are spent on the man Resource Development.There is prediction that the relationship that individuals will have with organizations will change there were no longer be fixed working lives. People still need to earn money, but they do not want to be tied up with their jobs. Humanity is developing, we are having different demands and priorities from our predecessors. To go with the times, we need to study the society we live in, and organizations is one of its biggest and important parts nowadays.References1. BBC/Learning zone Broad Band. Why Did the Trade Unions Come About? Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk /learningzone/clips/why-did-the-trade-unions-come-about/11082.html Accessed 20/03/2011 2. Bratton, J. & Gold, J. (2007) Human Resource Management speculation & Practice (4th edition). Palgrave Macmillan Basingstoke. 3. Clegg, S. and Hardy, C. (1999), Studying Organizations Theory and Method. London Sage. 4. Clegg, S. Kornberger, M. and Pitsis, T. (2008) Managing and Organizations An Introduction to Theory and Practice. London Sage. 5. Fulcher, J. and Scott, J. (2009) Sociology (OUP, 3rd edition). Oxford University Press. 6. Giddens, Anthony. (2009) Sociology (6th edition). Cambridge Polity Press. 7. Storey, J. (1995), Human Resource Management. London Routledge.