Ethics in Psychology Essay Example for Free

Ethics in Psychology EssayThe definition of ethics is as follows a theory or system of moral values the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person. (dictionary.com ) In modernisticistic day society, we rescue bio-ethicists professionals who are trained to judge what can be thinked ethical, as well as strict guidelines set forth by the APA (American psychological Association). However, during the early years of the formation of Psychology, there were no bio-ethicists or universal guidelines, therefore whatever of the early tastes such as the subaltern Albert, and Mother appendix would be considered unethical and therefore would not be permitted today. In 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment now called the Little Albert. The desired outcome of the experiment was to show empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. (T. Bartlett) A similar study that preceded Little Albert w as conducted by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, which demonstrated the conditioning work in dogs. It is said that Watson wanted to continue and further Pavlovs research to hithertotually show that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in humans. Watson and Rayner prime(prenominal) selected a nine month old baby from a local hospital, his name was Douglas Merritte.The child was then unfastened to a series of stimuli including a black-and-blue rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks, and burning newspapers his initial reactions were observed and recorded. The boy initially showed no fear of any of the objects he was shown. However, the second time the boy was exposed to the white rat, it is accompanied by a loud starling clang, that clear frightens the child. This portion of the experiment is repeated multiple times until the mere sight of the white rat, or creatures that have a similar appearance, frighten the child even when unaccompanied by the startlingly clang. The researchers have successfully conditioned Little Albert to be afraid. (T. Bartlett) right away Little Albert is considered to be a cruel experiment of questionable value, clearly in violation of all five of the APAs general ethical guidelines. The APA states that psychologists moldiness respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. Be aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair sovereign decision making. Be aware of and respect cultural, individual and role differences, including those based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language and socioeconomic status and consider these incidentors when working with members of such groups.Try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingl y participate in or condone activities of others based upon such prejudices.(APA) The first problem with Little Albert stems from the harm caused to the individual in question. Douglas Merritte was ultimately driven to feel extreme fear and even terror when exposed to anything that remotely resembled the white rat. This was mentally damaging for the child, and may have impaired his ability to integrate himself into society at a later on date. (Cherry. K) Secondly, the right to withdraw was not present in the experiment even when the boy became distressed and even ill the experiment continued. Therefore, today, the Little Albert experiment would be considered highly unethical.During the 1960s, American Psychologist Harry Harlow, conducted a series of controvertial experiments known as the Mother Attachment Experiments. These experiments were used to analyze the mother-child relationship in primates. In Harlows initial experiments, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers sho rtly after birth and were raised instead by surrogate mothers made either wire or soft terry cloth. In one experiment both types of surrogates were present in the cage, but only one was equipped with the ability to nurse the infant. round infants received nourishment from the wire surrogate, and others were fed from the cloth mother.Harlow established that mother love was really behavior based, meaning the offspring would seek physical comfort, alternatively than feeding. Harlows isolation studies also demonstrated the need for maternal interaction with their infants and the importance of play as part of the normal process of psychosocial growth. Harlow has received multiple awards for these experiments, they have been deemed of extreme significance for understanding those aspects of human behavior related to depression, aggression or sexual dysfunction, which originated in the formative years of mother-infant interaction.(Theodore Lidz of Yale University Medical School). However, due to the fact that the experiments caused extreme psychological effects on the primates used in the trials, they could be seen as highly unethical. In the APAs ethical principles of psychology, section 8.09 clearly states that psychologists must have a Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research. sections B and D of section 8.09 are relevant when considering Harlows treatment of the primates.Subsection B states Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate servant of their comfort, health and humane treatment (APA). In the Mother Attachment experiments, Harlow himself was not trained in the research methods and experienced in the care of the primates, nor was there any consideration for their comfort or mental health after the experiment. Furthermore, subsection D states that Psychologists make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infec tion, illness and pain of animal subjects (APA). Harlow failed to minimize the negatively charged effects of his experiments on the primates in a long term setting most primates involved in the study were clinically blue after the termination and in some cases during the experiment.Therefore, in accordance to the APAs ethical guidelines Harlows experiment would be seen as morally questionable and in most cases unethical in modern society.There is no question that the science which is psychology has been built and greatly advanced through the means of what some would consider unethical means and experimentation. Little Albert is seen today as a cruel experiment of questionable value. However knowledge was gained from this unethical experiment that has helped modern day psychologists. The Mother Attachment experiments, have won multiple awards for their extreme significance (Theodore Lidz) in the analysis of behavior based on the mother-child relationship contempt the fierce critic ism and controversysurrounding the experiments. Should both experiments be considered morally wrong and unethical? Perhaps. Did both experiments play a large role in the advancement of psychology? Without a doubt. Therefore in Harlow and Watsons cases, the end justifies the means.ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association (APA). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http//www.apa.org/ethics/ code/index.aspx?item=3Bartlett, T. (2012). The Sad Saga of Little Albert Gets Far Worse for a Researchers Reputation . Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 58(Issue 23), A-26.Cherry, K. Psychology Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators Enthusiasts. Little Albert The Little Albert Experiment. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http//psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albert-experiment.htm(1975). Honoring Harlow for dedicated research . Science News , Vol.107 (Issue 24), 383.

Black and White Photography Essay Example for Free

macabre and White Photography EssayBlack and fresh picture taking undersurface be see in a modern artistic perspective. This type of photographic depiction is captivating and speaks through the image into the mind where it processes the lack of rubric by visualizing the judgment and contrast vividly. An image that used in tinctless photography was seen prior to the 20th century as the normal way to take pictures, but now we have color photography. However, photographers are still finding that bleak and exsanguine images are important to support, art, and photojournalism. Black and unobjectionable photography is a technique that creates a unique impression upon the viewer that cannot be seen in traditional color photograph. No one has to be an expert to realize when look for at a black and snowy image, that it is something out of the ordinary. Black and vacuous and color photography are two different languages. (Hass 14) Looking at two images side by side, one b lack and dust coat and one color, the color photograph may be striking, although when just glancing that opinion may be true but looking at them for a long period of time, the colorless picture go out prove its self by composition using shadows and highlights.The darkness that seems to be evident in a black and white photograph usually brings the viewer to believe it is sad and depressing but that opinion is in the eye of the beholder, can a photograph of a sunset be sad and depressing just because it is in black and white? The ultimate truth is that the black and white digital photography can make the world look completely different from what it is through the human eyes (Jelling 1). Many digital photographers actually select to shoot images intentionally being black and white, in low contrast situations. So a dark or overcast day can be a great time to shoot out door shots.Most of the time for black and white photography, after the image is taken, it doesnt need to be photo sh opped or edited because the beauty stands on its own. In a color photograph, a lot of editing has to be done because of all the tangled colors and shades. For example, red eye can be seen in a color photograph but cannot be seen in a black and white photograph. Many visual tools are used in a colorless photograph including form, tone, texture and pattern. All of these visual tools are more adult because in that respect is nothing to take out from the original art of what has been captured.In a color photograph, the color is stealing the viewers attention or distracting it away from being a great photo and the appeal of the image is less in the art and more in the color. The viewer is more fascinated with the bonny colors than the deep truth that a black and white image beholds. seeming is seen as a major distraction to the overall mood of the picture, when color is removed, the subject can be seen much better. What does black and white convey to the viewer? Separateness and co olness with overtones of art, age and credibility (In Living Color 1).Anyone can see the difference a black and white image holds, it is clear that there is a difference and the subject stands out unlike a color photograph where only the color is seen as a whole, in black and white, what is trying to be seen is clear. Light and dark are the fundamental photographic components. Black and white was once the only kind of image available. However, a black and white image contains more than just black and white, light and dark, it has a full range of tones from paper white through light, mid and dark greys to dense black. (Prakel 15).Black and white Photography always gives one the feeling of looking at real art. While sometimes bad photographers use the method (of using black and white photography) to cover their inability to take a smashing shot, in the hands of a true master, black and white shows the best photography can offer. (Enk and Delbos 1). Unlike the average person taking p ictures in black and white, professionally done black and white photographs can be stunning and nothing like any other type.Many photographers regard colorless photography as the purest form of photography available, even compared to still life. The definition of black and white photography is any type of photography in which form, tone, texture, and pattern are the main focus of attention in a photograph. Color depicts reality and with a colorless photography it is unrealistic, meaning the human eye cannot see what the television camera sees, we see color in everything but a colorless photograph shows us what we cannot see. It allows the viewer to interpret reality through a photographic medium.Black and white images are, by their nature, abstract and can tolerate much more tonal manipulation without sacrificing realism because it works in a spectrum of black and white and everything in between. The sheer beauty of a well-lit black and white frame is hard to beat because its diffi cult to produce that type of focus and simple mindedness when youre shooting in color. (Caterson 1) Lighting is a major part of black and white photography it redefines the image into something great. Light turns an average picture into a magnificent one, if he lighting is done right. Shadows play an important role in the composition of a black and white photograph. That is why black and white photographers shoot their pictures in a very well lit environment. I suppose I would describe black and white, or monochrome photography as a filter. It fitters out the color so you become aware of the light, the shadows, the composition and not the color. (Caterson 1) Seeing is not enough you have to feel what you photograph. Andre Kertesz, Photographer.The most prominent aspect of a black and white image is the feeling the viewer gets from looking at something that has color but has been taken and made into something that is made of greys and shades of contrast instead of what was a br ight red is now black, for example. The feeling is usually somber and dark but can be taken as a good thing because the darkness portrayed comes from the instinctiveness of a black and white photograph being from history and the old days black and white photography is associated with history because that was the only kind of photography available at that time.Selenium toned, silver-based, black and white photographs have an inherent depth, luminosity, and 3-D quality, unlike that produced by any other process (Olssen 70) Just as in the media of the written word we have poems, essays, scientific and journalistic reports, novels, dramas and catalogues, so with photography we touch the domains of science, illustration, documentation and expressive art. Ansel Adams Photographer. Color photography of actual settings overwhelms with its specificity and leaves little to no room for distance and thereby for theory (Sassen 438). outmatch is something that color photography has trouble with grasping. Distance comes from the monochrome parts of an image that create the depth form a fade of one color. Shadow can be seen in that one color usually being grey in black and white and in color it turns out to be a mixture of colors that confuses the image as being movement instead of just distance.The two form a striking juxtaposition that is a testament to the stark power of black and white photography to capture the range and depth of ascetics, emotions and, often unbeknown to its subjects, history. (Enk and Delbos 1) The credibility of black and white photography may seem to be fading away, although it is true to shine as it did in the history books, telling its story so vividly. As important as it was then it is an art that has been extremely perfected passim the years, it is now what no one thought it would become. It was thought to never return as color photography arose but even in the coming years, it will prove itself to viewers just as it did in the days when it w as famous.

Mechanical Barriers to Communication

Mechanical Barriers to conversationAny act by which hotshot person gives to or receives from anformer(a) person learning ab come in that persons needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or emotive states. Communication whitethorn be intentional or unintentional it may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may carry on through spoken or other modes.Organisations nonifynot operate without intercourse. Communication give the axe take various forms but all forms involve the enthral of training from 1 party to the other. In order for the transfer of information to qualify as conference, the liquidator mustiness fancy the representing of the information transferred to them. If the recipient does not understand the meaning of the information begined to them, dialogue has not interpreted place.Communication is the life root word of compositions beca commit organisations involve wad. People cannot interact with i ndividually other without colloquy. In the absence of communication, everything would grind to a halt. For mannequin the workers in an organisation would not know the organisations objectives so they would not strive to achieve the organisations objectives.The workers in an organisation would not know what their roles and responsibilities were, so they would not be able to carry out their daily tasks and duties.The managing directors would not be able to train their workers reports so the workers would not possess the skills they needed to carry out their line of businesss.The managers would not be able to inform workers of changesThe organisation would not be aw argon of their competitors activitiesOn the whole volume are able to slip away with each other as this is a basic human function. However thriving organisations strive not just for communication but in force(p) communication.Interpersonal CommunicationThis is defined as communication amid two or much people and i nvolves the transfer of information (or meaning) from one person to the other(s). The person transferring the information is called the sender or sender. The people receiving the message are kn let as recipients. The transmitter will need to send the information in a format that the recipient(s) will understand. Converting the information into a format that the receivers will understand is known as Encoding.Messages can be encoded into a pastiche of formats oral, written or visual. After encoding the message is transferred via a medium called a communicate, for example a letter, fax, phone call, or e-mail. After transference the information will need to be interpreted by the receiver. This process of interpretation is known as decoding. Finally the receiver will send a message can to the transmitter confirming whether the information sent has been understood. This back check is known as feedback. The communication process involves seven key elements as illustrated in the diag ram below.Why you need to get your message acrossEffective communication is all about conveying your messages to other people clearly and unambiguously. Its in any case about receiving information that others are sending to you, with as little distortion as possible.Doing this involves lather from both the sender of the message and the receiver. And its a process that can be fraught with error, with messages muddled by the sender, or misinterpreted by the recipient. When this isnt detected, it can cause tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity.In fact, communication is only successful when both the sender and the receiver understand the uniform information as a result of the communication.By successfully getting your message across, you convey your thoughts and ideas effectively. When not successful, the thoughts and ideas that you actually send do not necessarily reflect what you think, causing a communications breakdown and creating roadblocks that stand in th e way of your name and addresss both personally and professionally.In a recent survey of recruiters from companies with more than 50,000 employees, communication skills were cited as the single more important decisive factor in choosing managers. The survey, conducted by the University of Pittsburghs Katz Business School, points out that communication skills, including written and oral presentations, as well as an ability to work with others, are the main factor contributing to job success.In spite of the increasing importance placed on communication skills, many individuals continue to struggle, unable to make it their thoughts and ideas effectively whether in verbal or written format. This inability makes it nearly impossible for them to compete effectively in the workplace, and stands in the way of career progression.Being able to communicate effectively is so essential if you want to build a successful career. To do this, you must understand what your message is, what audi ence you are sending it to, and how it will be perceived. You must also weigh-in the circumstances surrounding your communications, such as situational and pagan context.The Communications ProcessTo be an effective communicator and to get your point across without misunderstanding and confusion, your goal should be to less(prenominal)en the frequency of jobs at each stage of this process, with clear, concise, accurate, well-planned communications. We follow the process through belowSourceAs the source of the message, you need to be clear about why youre communicating, and what you want to communicate. You also need to be confident that the information youre communicating is useful and accurate.MessageThe message is the information that you want to communicate.EncodingThis is the process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end. Your success in encoding depends partly on your ability to convey inform ation clearly and simply, but also on your ability to anticipate and eliminate sources of confusion (for example, cultural issues, mistaken assumptions, and missing information.)A key part of this knows your audience Failure to understand who you are communicating with will result in delivering messages that are misunderstood. trackMessages are conveyed through transmit, with verbal channels including face-to-face meetings, telephone and videoconferencing and written channels including letters, emails, memos and reports.Different channels have protestent strengths and weaknesses. For example, its not particularly effective to give a long list of directions verbally, while youll quickly cause problems if you give someone negative feedback using email.DecodingJust as successful encoding is a skill, so is successful decoding (involving, for example, taking the time to read a message carefully, or listen actively to it.) Just as confusion can arise from errors in encoding, it can also arise from decoding errors. This is particularly the case if the decoder doesnt have enough knowledge to understand the message.ReceiverYour message is delivered to individual members of your audience. No doubt, you have in mind the actions or reactions you hope your message will get from this audience. Keep in mind, though, that each of these individuals enters into the communication process with ideas and ascertainings that will undoubtedly influence their understanding of your message, and their response. To be a successful communicator, you should consider these before delivering your message, and act appropriately.FeedbackYour audience will offer you with feedback, as verbal and nonverbal reactions to your communicated message. Pay close attention to this feedback, as it is the only thing that can give you confidence that your audience has understood your message. If you comment that there has been a misunderstanding, at least you have the opportunity to send the message a second time.ContextThe situation in which your message is delivered is the context. This may include the surrounding environment or broader culture (corporate culture, international cultures, and so on).Barriers of Communication1. Physical barriersPhysical barriers in the workplace includeMarked out territories, empires and fiefdoms into which strangers are not allowedClosed office doors, barrier screens, separate areas for people of different statusLarge working areas or working in one unit that is somatogenicly separate from others.Research shows that one of the most important factors in building cohesive teams is proximity. As long as people unagitated have a personal space that they can call their own, nearness to others aids communication because it facilitates us get to know one another.2. Perceptual barriersThe problem with communicating with others is that we all see the world differently. If we didnt, we would have no need to communicate something like extrasensory perce ption would take its place. The following anecdote is a reminder of how our thoughts, assumptions and perceptions shape our own realitiesA traveller was walking down a road when he met a man from the next town.Excuse me, he said. I am hoping to stay in the next town tonight. Can you tell me what the townspeople are like?Well, said the townsman, how did you find the people in the last town you visited?Oh, they were an irascible bunch. Kept to themselves. Took me for a fool. Over-charged me for what I got. Gave me very poor service.Well, then, said the townsman, youll find them pretty much the samehere.3. Emotional barriers oneness of the chief barriers to open and free communications is the emotional barrier. It is comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion. The roots of our emotional mistrust of others reside in our childhood and infancy when we were taught to be careful what we said to others.Mind your Ps and Qs Dont speak until youre spoken to Children should be seen and no t heard. As a result many people hold back from communicating their thoughts and feelings to others.They feel vulnerable. While some caution may be wise in certain relationships, excessive fear of what others might think of us can stunt our development as effective communicators and our ability to form meaningful relationships.4. Cultural barriersWhen we join a group and wish to remain in it, sooner or later we need to adopt the behaviour patterns of the group. These are the behaviours that the group accept as signs of belonging.The group rewards such behaviour through acts of recognition, applause and inclusion. In groups which are happy to accept you, and where you are happy to conform, there is a mutuality of interest and a high level of win-win contact.Where, however, there are barriers to your membership of a group, a high level of game-playing replaces good communication.5. Language barriersLanguage that describes what we want to say in our foothold may present barriers to o thers who are not familiar with our expressions, buzz- terminology and jargon. When we couch our communication in such speech communication, it is a way of excluding others. In a global market place the greatest cheering we can pay another person is to gibber in their language.One of the more chilling memories of the Cold War was the threat by the Soviet drawing card Nikita Khruschev saying to the Americans at the United Nations We will bury you This was taken to mean a threat of nuclear annihilation.However, a more accurate reading of Khruschevs words would have been We will overtake you meaning economic superiority. It was not just the language, but the fear and suspicion that the West had of the Soviet Union that led to the more alarmist and sinister interpretation.6. Gender barriersThere are distinct differences between the speech patterns in a man and those in a woman. A woman speaks between 22,000 and 25,000 words a day whereas a man speaks between 7,000 and 10,000. In chil dhood, girls speak earlier than boys and at the age of three, have a vocabulary doubly that of boys.The reason for this lies in the wiring of a mans and womans brains. When a man talks, his speech is located in the left side of the brain but in no specific area. When a woman talks, the speech is located in both hemispheres and in two specific locations.This means that a man talks in a linear, logical and compartmentalised way, features of left-brain thinking whereas a woman talks more freely mixing logic and emotion, features of both sides of the brain. It also explains why women talk for much longer than men each day.Removing Barriers at All These StagesTo deliver your messages effectively, you must commit to breaking down the barriers that exist within each of these stages of the communication process.Lets begin with the message itself. If your message is too lengthy, disorganized, or contains errors, you can expect the message to be misunderstood and misinterpreted. Use of poor verbal and body language can also confuse the message.Barriers in context tend to stem from senders offering too much information too fast. When in doubt here, less is often generation more. It is best to be mindful of the demands on other peoples time, especially in todays ultra-busy society.Once you understand this, you need to work to understand your audiences culture, making received you can converse and deliver your message to people of different backgrounds and cultures within your own organization, in your country and even abroad.Barrier refers to something non physical that keeps apart or prevents activity, movement so on. Types of BarriersPhysical mechanical barriersLanguage or Semantic barriersSocio-psychological barriersOrganisational barriersPersonal barriers1- Physical Mechanical Barriers NoiseIt is the disruption or interference in communication process anywhere along the way. Noise though of varying degree, disturbs or interferes with communication. Whatever that distracts the receivers attention causes communication breakdown. Noise can be physical psychological. Physical distractions or disturbances such as loud speakers, gossip etc., draw the attention of the receiver. Psychological make noise is related to mental disturbances like ego clash, pre busy thoughts, hang over, anxiety.DISTANCELong distances between the sender the receivers can also obstruct effective communicationTIMETime refers to the reaching of message. If an important message reaches late it is sure to affect communication.INFORMATION OVERLOADIt refers to excessive transmission of information. Much more information than what the receiver can process is transmitted to him/her. The receiver cant understand , digest, analyze act upon information overload that is beyond mental capacity.MECHANICAL BARRIERSOutdated machines equipment may produce excessive noise leading to physical barriers in communication. Distraction like background noise, poor lighting., affect the mo rale of the employees also obstruct effective communication.2- SEMANTIC OR talking to BARRIERUNCLEAR MESSAGELack of clarity in message makes it badly expressed. poorly chosen empty word , phrases, inadequate vocabulary, failure to clear up implications etc., are some common faults found.FAULTY TRANSLATIONThe message that every manager receives from his superiors, peers, subordinates must be translated into language suitable for the respective person( for whom the information is destined).SPECIALISTS dustupIt is often found that technical personnel special groups tend to develop a special, peculiar technical language of their own. It hinders their communication with persons not in their specialty, because of the receivers ignorance of that cause of language.3- SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERSDIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTIONPerceptual barriers may arise due to differences between individuals in the way they perceive, organize understand their environment.DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDEPeople di ffer with regard to attitudes opinions which often interfere with communication. If the message is consistent with our attitudes opinions we receive it favorably.INATTENTIONCommunication has no impact on those who are unable or grudging to listen. If people do not pay the required degree of attention to audience understanding the messages they are supposed to receive.PREMATURE EVALUATIONSome people form a judgment before receiving the complete message. Such premature evaluation prevents effective communication. RESISTANCE TO CHANGEwhen new ideas are being communicated, the listening apparatus may act as a filter in rejecting new ideas. Thus resistance to change is an important obstacle to effective communication. heathenish DIFFERENCECultural refers to values, beliefs, norms, attitudes perceptions of people of different nations or regions. Symbols, words, colors, gestures, language must be carefully selected when senders of information are dealing with people of different nati ons regions.4- ORGANISATIONAL BARRIERS location RELATIONSHIPONE WAY FLOWORGANISATION STRUCTURERULES REGULATIONS5- PERSONAL BARRIERSATTITUDE OF SUPERIOR- the attitude of superiors towards communication affects the flow of messages in different directions.LACK OF self-confidence IN SUBORDINATESLACK OF TIMEMESSAGE OVERLOADBarriers to effective Communication ( draughty bucket)At each stage in the process encoding, transference, and decoding there is the calamity of interference which may hinder the communication process. This interference is known as noise. Often a comparison is made between communication and a leaky bucket. If you use a leaky bucket to carry water, water will be lost at various points in your expedition from the water bug to your destination. It is not possible to stop losing water because the bucket contains holes. The fall of water you will lose will be determined by the number of holes in the bucket, the size of the holes, the route you take to your final des tination and length of time it takes you to get to your destination. There may also be other events that occur during your journey which increase the amount of water lost. Similarly when information is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver not all of the information may be received by the receiver because of holes called noise. Each of the noise may be affect the amount of information transferred. Just as in a leaky bucket, more holes decrease the amount of water, more noise decreases the amount of correct information received.Language issues and Cultural DifferencesThe receiver(s) may not (fully) understand the language used by the transmitter. This may occur if the transmitters language is foreign to the receiver. There may also be language problems (that the communication process) if the message contains technical information and the receivers is not familiar with the technical terms used. Cultural differences created by an individuals background and experience affect their perception of the world. Such cultural differences may affect the interpretation (decoding) of the message sent.Environmental issuesIf the environment that the transmitter or receiver are in, is noisy and full of sound, the sounds may prevent the message being fully understood. Background noise is often created by colleagues or machinery.Channel issuesIf the channel used to transfer the information is poor it may prevent all or some of the information being transferred. Examples include a faulty fax machine, a crackling phone, handwriting that cannot be read or in the case of oral messages incorrect facial gestures.Receivers Attitude and portIf the receiver(s) is not interested in the message (or unable to give their full attention to decoding) this may reduce the amount of information received or the accuracy of the information transmitted to them. Similarly the receiver(s) may misinterpret the message by jumping to conclusions or reading the message in a manner that suits their own interests/objectives and distort the true meaning of the message.Transmission journeyi.e. steps in the message, If the message is complicated or there are lots of steps taken to transfer the message it may affect the accuracy or interpretation. Comparing with the leaky bucket if the leaky bucket has to carry water over a longer distance more water will probably lost than if the journey was shorter.Internal / Organisational CommunicationThis is communication that takes place within (or across) an organisation. In appurtenance to the usual face to face, telephone, fax or mail modern organisations may use technology to communicate internally. Technology may be used for e-mails or a linked internal communication system such as the intranet which is an internet system designed solely for use by those working for the organisation. outside(a) CommunicationsConversely external communication is communication between the organisation and those outside the organisation. Modern organ isations may design technological systems so that they can communicate with customers and undertake e-Commerce. Alternatively they communicate with other businesses through the internet or similar systems and undertake e-Business.Functions of Internal and External CommunicationsTechnology has rapidly spread out the types of internal and external communication available to organisations. The diagram illustrates the vast array of internal and external communication available.Combined together internal and external types of communications allow various sectors of the local, national and international community to interact, liaise and conduct business.Formal and Informal CommunicationsFormal communication is defined as communication which occurs through the official organisational channels or is undertaken by an employee to do their job. For example official meetings, letters and a manager asking an employee to carry out a particular task. Conversely informal communication is that whic h occurs outside the recognised communication networks such as talking in the lunchroom or hallways between employees. Informal communication can be productive or negative. It has the potential to build teams, improve working relationships and generate ideas as employees are in a relaxed environment.Upward and down CommunicationsDownward communication is communication created by directors and managers and passed down the hierarchy of workers in the organisation. In traditional organisations this is the preferred method of communication ie Managers fix what the systems, rules and procedures will be and then they pass these down to employees they manage and supervise. Downward Communication can increase efficiency by synchronising organisational procedures and can tally that everybody is working towards the same overall aims and objectives. Types of downward communication include job descriptions, appraisals/evaluations, organisational policy, and organisational systems.Although the re are advantages to downward communication organisations have began to encourage upward communication. This is communication which originates at the lower level of the employment hierarchy and is then communicated up through the line. Organisations encouraging upward communication believe that everybody is capable of generating thoughts and ideas which may help the organisation to progress, particularly when they are working closely in the area that the idea applies to. Upward communication may increase motivation and make employees feel valued and respected whilst enabling managers to understand how employees are feeling. Furthermore if problems occur at they are more likely to be identified earlier by those working closely in the area that they occur. Types of upward communications include suggestion schemes, feedback forums/surveys, grievance procedures and employee-manager discussions.Lateral CommunicationThis is communication that occurs between employees on the same level in the organisation. As this can involve decision making it can create efficiency as employees do not have to detainment for managerial approval. On the other hand if the manager is not kept informed or if the manager fails to set boundaries there is potential for conflict.Diagonal CommunicationThis occurs when communication occurs between workers in a different section of the organisation and where one of the workers involved is on a higher level in the organisation. For example in a bank diagonal communication will occur when a department manager in head office converses with a split in a branch of the bank found on the high street.TELECOMMUNICATIONS GLOSSARYTermDefinitionTelecommunicationCommunication between parties based in different locations by using a cable, telephone, broadcast or a telegraph.NetworkingLinking to or more computers together so that information and facilities can be shared. Computers in the same room may be linked together or the organisation may decide to li nk, computers in different parts of the world together. topical anesthetic Area Network (LAN)Computers linked by a network without the use of telecommunications. Often the computers linked are based in the same location, group of buildings or site.Wide Area Network (WAN)Computers linked by a network using telecommunications. Often the computers linked are based in different locations. teleconferenceThrough the use of telecommunication devices such as video link participants based in different locations communicating is known as teleconferencing.Electronic information Interchange (EDI)Computer networks used to exchange standard business transaction documents between organisations.QUESTION 3How might a manager use the grape vine to his or her advantage?First of all the definition of line is that it is the unofficial way that communication takes place within the organization. It is neither supported nor authorized by the organization. It can also be called gossip. As we know many gossips have no factual bases at all most of them however do. A manager can use grapevine to his or her advantage if it is an organization where people are used to get their information from these sources.And of course it would be a lie to say that most of us dont gossip, or listen to them at least occasionally, especially if it involves us. Bad information spreads a lot faster than good news, so the information gets to employees real fast. It can happen by a word of mouth, or recently more frequently by electronic means. If an organization is based on honesty, these grapevine information can be a lot more accurate than in an organization that is based on an authoritative culture. unremarkably there is always some truth to it however. Rumours about major lay-offs, plant closings, and the like may be filled with accurate information regarding who will be affected and when it may occur. This truth component is what a manager can use to his or her benefit. Most employees know that if there is any kind of grapevine information circling in the company, whatever its about can be true. If a manager for example wants to influence employees to work harder, or put more effort into it, he or she can simply start a new gossip, or encourage an existing one about lay-offs that might involve their department. Im not saying this is a nice way to do this, but if nothing else works, why not. This is however not the sign of the good manager, because he or she should be able to use other methods of motivation. A good leader needs to be able to exert high level of effort from his or her employees by motivating them in different ways.Another way of looking grapevine information is its usefulness in supplementing formal information channels. It provides a way for employees to communicate their imaginations and inputs to a certain issue. If management is not really doing a good job with communicating with employees about what is going on in an organization, then grapevine can satisf y these natural needs for information. Grapevine is a healthy human desire to communicate. It is the informal communication channel within the organization. Managers have to realize this fact, and try to use it to their own advantage. Managers interested in creating good communication within the organization will use grapevine as a mean to improve it. The real value of grapevine should be to management is that it reveals issues that generate from those whom interested in or effected by it. Managers can also enroll in grapevine. They can be filters, who monitor the information and forward to upper management only the valuable and important components.Grapevine usually pops up during times of uncertain times therefore management has to make sure that it is providing enough information about important issues. The longer the rumour goes around, the hardest it is to control, so management had to intervene quickly if it wants to avoid its damaging effects. The fact is that grapevine is exists within organizations, and they always have a truth component to them. Management therefore can use them to their own benefits, as a compliment to the official and formal channels of information.How to use the Grapevine effectively in business organizations?Grapevine is an informal channel of business communication. It is called so because it stretches throughout the organization in all directions irrespective of the authority levels. The management can use grapevine to supplement the formal channels of communication. Though it carries some degree of error and distortion, efforts can be made to correct it. Ignoring the grapevine is nothing but to ignore a valuable source of communication. The management can eliminate its negative consequences and, at the same time, it can nourish its positive benefits. The managers have to learn to manage and control it.1. The management can open up all the channels of organizational communication to present the facts positively before the em ployees and ther

The Evolution of Quantity Surveying

The Evolution of criterion SurveyingQuantity implies amount, build, measure, extent, size, magnitude and mass. Surveyor denotes inspector, assessor, examiner, reviewer and evaluator.The name Quantity Surveyor was originally derived from the initial need for the profession which is to prepare the Bill of Quantities from plans, describing the material, items of work and the quantities required. Builders also use the Bill of Quantities when submitting tenders in order to secure work.Currently, Quantity Surveyor functions expect numerous activities. It is these activities that far remove the profession from that of simple brick counting.With the changing environment, the quantity surveyor has evolved to satisfy the marketplace by filling the gaps across various(a) industries, as is reflected in effort diversitys, title changes and education.Suitable titles have now become necessary, namely those of Construction comprise Consultants, Building or Construction Economists, Cost Engin eers and Commercial Managers.The plunk sampling survey method was used, which multiform pilot interviews and structured questionnaire surveys. Investigations were limited to the views expressed by both students of Quantity Surveying and professionals employed outside the conventional twist industry who were members of the South African Council of Quantity Surveyors, although the views of practitioners with no professional affiliations were also sought. Content summary, descriptive statistics, multi-attribute techniques and rank correlation tests were used in the analysis of the seek data.The Potential Outputs of this work in progress could include changes in courses at tertiary institutions or the introduction of tender courses, a name change for Quantity Surveying as a Profession.1. IntroductionHistorically, the three major employers of Quantity Surveyors were professional Quantity Surveying firms (PQS), municipalities and government departments, as well as construction and civil engineering companies.Quantity Surveyors are increasingly employed across s constantlyal industries, ranging from chemical e.g. Fluor, communications e.g. Telkom, electrical e.g. Eskom, oil refineries e.g. Sapref. What does this mean regarding the get hold of for the profession? This report go away also strive to ascertain what they are doing there, how they are valued and so forth.The option of working in an industry of your choosing elevates the position of quantity surveying as a profession. This should be tantamount to greater job opportunities and employment security, further enhancing quantity surveying as a organize profession. How does this impact on students line of achievement choice?Due to the range of go currently provided, the profession is becoming less reliant on construction, as it places much emphasis on finance, which enables greater involvement in other industries such as insurance, banking, law, and situation management.2. Literature Review2.1. The Establishment of Quantity Surveying at that place is a shortage of qualified Quantity Surveyors with good employment opportunities in various industries (AIQS, 2010).Demand for qualified and experienced Quantity Surveyors has been high in recent years. Historically, this demand follows the fortunes of the building, construction and engineering industries. When industry booms, so does the need for Quantity Surveyors.By the middle of the 20th century Quantity Surveying had evolved to a recognize profession in the construction industry (Ashworth and Willis, 1995). Quantity Surveying had developed into the traditional role of keeping accounts and instructionling of construction costs for both the knob and the builder.The prime role of the quantity surveyor pivots around the aspect of cost control of projects (Willis and Trench, 1999). From inception to completion necessitates a detailed knowledge of contractors prices, experience of the construction adjoin and an ability to foresee the likely effect of economic trends.Quantity Surveyors are construction economists who fulfil varied and comprehensive duties to support cost-effective construction and property development projects (Ilias et al., 2010).The core competencies of Quantity Surveyors include determining project budgets, measuring project quantities, preparing contract documentation such as Bills of Quantities and cost control documents, administering contracts, and preparing final examination accounts.Despite being recognised as a professional discipline distinct from architecture and civil engineering since 1836, Quantity Surveyors are not immune to the threats and changes in their operating environment. several(prenominal) parties in the construction industry have been critical about the quality of works and services provided by Quantity Surveyors.Some even question the importance of appointing Quantity Surveyors as project consultants. Because of these challenges, the profession necessarily to regroup and take stock of the whole situation so that they will not become extinct in the future, this includes all parties who have vested interest in the development of the profession, be it the students, educators and professionals.Every profession evolves in response to the ever-increasing changes in the global business concern environment (Marcel and Jasper, 2009).In order to remain relevant, globally competitive and successful, South African Quantity Surveyors need constantly to scan their business landscape to discern smart directions and to adapt to imminent changes in their professional practice. This study aims to investigate the current areas of, and future directions in, quantity surveying practice in the South African construction industry imminent opportunities and threats and ways to proactively maximise the opportunities and minimise the threats.The results of a survey, based on a structured questionnaire reflecting 23 define competencies, which were derived from the literature and from in-depth interviews with selected practitioners, indicated that technically orientated competencies were rated of highest importance for current services, while management orientated competencies were rated of higher importance for future services (Nkado and Meyer, 2001).Quantity Surveying firms that advance services overseas have to a greater extent staff than non-exporters. They also handle larger projects and offer a wider range of services (Florence Yean and Chan, 2008).Recent practice, however, has gone derriere to the original intent of value engineering, i.e., to improve the value of the end product or service (McDuff, 2001). This typically means that the client is going to receive more for their money because of the practice of value engineering.2.2. Current and Future Trends of Quantity SurveyingQuantity Surveyors are also employed by large engineering companies as well as housing agencies (AGCAS, 1994). Specialist home builders seek the expertise of Quantity Surveyors, as do some trading agencies, including any public committees who control extensive property investments. Multinational mechanical contractors and energy conglomerates regularly employ Quantity Surveyors under the unconventional title of Cost Engineer.The University of Salford is offering post alumna Electrical Quantity Surveying courses, Mechanical Quantity Surveying courses and Electrical Mechanical Quantity Surveying courses (Salford, 2011).These courses are accredited by the Royal take of Chartered Surveyors. The MSc Quantity Surveying in Mechanical Electrical programme is aimed at the mechanical and electrical sectors.Due to the increased importance on low hundred emissions and sustainability in the modern built environment, new roles are emerging for the Mechanical Electrical Quantity Surveyor in the areas of renewable energy, sustainability, low carbon technologies and energy management involved in the provision of careers and employability.With bui ldings accounting for around 50% of all carbon emissions, the Quantity Surveyor plays a significant role in combating climate change.The need for Quantity Surveyors is relatively consistent (AIQS, 2010). The range of services provided by the profession has become less dependent on the level of construction but more on finance and property management.Quantity Surveyors are known by various names, as they are also called Construction Cost Consultants, Building / Construction Economists, Cost Engineers and Estimators.The Quantity Surveying profession is at an interesting stage, where opportunities and rewards will be high for those who are innovational, bang-up on research and willing to embrace the challenges of the future and emerging technology.A definition of the quantity surveying profession states that, Quantity Surveyors get a lot more involved in all aspects of construction as well as other industries such as insurance, banking, law etc. (University, 2010).An article in a ca reer recruitment company further speaks of a Chartered Quantity Surveyor working as a Commercial Manager (Kempthorne, 2010).As a job description for a Quantity Surveying role, it was stipulated that market need creates evolved Quantity Surveyors (Construction, 2011).Quantity Surveyors meet the ever evolving needs of their clients, offering a vast range of services as depicted in the following website article (Brown, 2010).Today several Quantity Surveyors have explored opportunities out of the boundaries of construction industry, examples being the financial industry, insurance industry, manu accompanimenturing industry and real estate sector. (NISA et al., 2006).As emphasised, being one of the differentiate professional experts in the construction sector, Quantity Surveyors have the utmost responsibility to address the key cost, financial and contractual issues of the construction process, which is always highly influenced by the environmental parameters, which are very sensitive t o changes and are unique for every project (Senaratne and Sabesan, 2008).The new approaches in construction culture, procurement strategies, changing markets, delivering added value and supply chain management, partnering, private finance initiatives have directed the construction industry towards a new route of evolvement (Cartlidge, 2002). The importance of this is further emphasised due to the declining role of manufacturing and increasing turnth in the service sector of the economy.In order to subsist and grow in the future, Quantity Surveying profession has the utmost necessity to respond to the accelerating social, technological, economical and environmental changes quickly as well as productively (Surveyors, 1992).Since the needs and expectations of the clients are ever changing facts, in order to compete and to excel in the profession, Quantity Surveyors have to acquire and operate wide range of diverse skills outside the normal traditional Quantity Surveying role (Pathirag e and Amaratunga, 2006).The changing nature of the construction and development industry such as the adoption of innovative technological processes and development, the emergence of highly focused professionals and the full range of advanced technologies will necessitate a much stronger emphasis on job competencies than ever before (Lenard, 2000).The findings are important given the increasing globalization of construction services, especially given the international ties between designers, Quantity Surveyors and other built environment professionals (Bowen et al., 2010).3. Research MethodologyQualitativeIn order to achieve results, use of pilot interviews and cluster sampling questionnaire surveys will be employed. With regards to the analysis of research data, essence analysis, descriptive statistics, multi-attribute techniques and rank correlation tests will be used.Providing Supporting evidence industry happeningsDeveloping Questionnaires industry awareness / feedbackResearch ing written material on industry patterns.4. Findings and DiscussionsPotential Outputs includeChanges in courses or and introduction of new courses at tertiary institutions.A growth in Quantity Surveying to include long suit in other industries e.g. MSc/ Pg Dip-Quantity Surveying Mechanical Electrical) aimed specifically at the mechanical and electrical industries.There is a potential of offering further courses at tertiary institutions, namely petrochemical, banking, insurance, law, and so forth.5. Conclusions and Further ResearchA Profession name change might also be in order.If in fact there are many other industries employing Quantity Surveyors, this spells good news for the profession. A knock on effect would be an increase in the number of students applying to study Quantity Surveying as a career, as it moves away from the traditional construction approach. Throughput rates will also be affected, as a greater number of students could have access to in-service training earlie r. For the long term, course material/notes might change/adapt to suit the various sectors, as each, having baneful differences in approaches would need the necessary curriculum and syllabus changes.The Quantity Surveying profession is at an interesting stage, where opportunities and rewards will be high for those who are innovative, keen on research and willing to embrace the challenges of the future and emerging technology.

The Spirituality And Architecture Theology Religion Essay

The sacredity And computer architecture Theology Religion EssaySpiritualityis an ultimate or an alleged im tangiblereality. The essence of church service veraciousty is the search to know our received selves, to discover the real nature of aw atomic number 18ness. In any(prenominal) other words, it is a constant discovery of the incredible, our real self, and a request of our true world, why we ar, who we are and where we belong. This has been a part of the eternal quest of man from quantifys immemorial. These questions harbor been answered differently by umpteen that are content to ones own belief interpretation and cognition.Sri Aurobindo in Indian Spirituality and Life (1919)says Man does not arrive immediately at the highest inner elevation and if it were demanded of him at once, he would never arrive there. At first he needs lower supports and stages of ascent, he asks for some line of thought, dogma, worship, image, sign, and symbols, some indulgence and permi ssion of conflate half natural motive on which he idler stand while he builds up in him the temple of spirit.(Sri Aurobindo, Indian Spirituality and Life, 1919) Mans quest of truth, reality and peace has been unending. Overawed with the infinite nature, whatever he could not comprehend he attributed that to the glory of nature. Mans intellect washbowlnot accept anything that is unknown, unseen and has no frigid shape or systema skeletale. Thus to satisfy his intellectual curiosity man gave physical form to the divine being.Spirituality is our attempt to become aware of our spirit. Spiritual architecture refers to any building system that facilitates this awareness. It is, an act of highlighting or bringing away the self, not by rejecting matter but by manifesting it in matter, at miscellaneous levels and in multiple forms. E.V. Walter in Placeways, defines spiritual lay as a specific surround of phenomena that are expected to support the imagination, hold up spiritual expe rience, and convey spiritual truth (Walter,E.V., Placeways A Theory of the Human Environment, 75).Spiritual quadriceps femoriss burn be found in nature or they canister be a constructed piazza. A spiritual post found in nature is a localise designated by individuals or meetings as such a nates. It is a distinct situation, a place whose character sets it isolated from its surroundings. They are distinct from typical or commonly found places. The designation of a place as spiritual comes from the human need to establish a connection with inner truth. A place that is spiritual to one person or group of people may not be spiritual to others.computer architecture of a space can invoke all the senses, help one concentrate ones irrefutable energies to calm a disturbed hear and calculate a peaceful stable mind beyond the physical. It is an inevitable part of livelihood. It attempts to reflect mans source and the earth of being in several varied ways. computer architecture i s more than mere physical shelter or typic artefacts. They are catalyst towards our dwelling, between our being and the world. Architecture, unitedly with the other arts, has, since time immemorial, been one of the most powerful means to pursue and realize this quest and give it physical-symbolic expression how to create an identity and a place for our being from at heart the vast, shapeless and infinite extent of time and space how to affirm our presences and gain a foothold, in the universe. (Gunter Dittmar, Upon the Earth, Beneath the Sky The Architecture of Being, Dwelling Building, 2001)Successful architectural expression is one, which is able to do both provide an enriching experience and an unforgettable image. It becomes more Copernican while expressing spirituality in material to provide for an experience of, both the form and the formless, one perceptible by the senses and other beyond senses.Since sacred spaces are separate from everyday places in a designated precin ct, value is placed on the journey and arriving at the sacred place. The path and the ritual journey are part of the sacred experience.It is a public goal of mankind to seek or to create spiritual spaces. What is a spiritual space, and what are the qualities which describe that space? What defines spirituality and the space it makes and how does this form impact to us today?RESEARCH QUESTIONWhat are the attributes of spiritual spaces?1.2 NEED FOR JUSTIFICATIONThe current crisis of environmental degradation is also a crisis of places. People are systematically building meaningless places. We must develop a way of understanding the built environment and the natural landscape. True renewal, allow require a change in the way we structure experience for understanding both the natural land and the constructed world.Since, the spiritual dimension and moral obligation aim been toss by the modern. Materialism divorced from ethics has corrupted the society. Therefore, more and more peopl e are turning to Spirituality, Yoga and Meditation. Religious people are searching for the doomed grid of spirituality in religion. Thus, there is a growing need of buildings to cater this need of people.There are spacial qualities and architectural elements based on experiential background and emotional attachments.To identify and define these connections, one has to go beyond the basic observation of signs and symbols, and analyse the spatial qualities and architectural elements which stimulate senses.1.3 place setting OF THE STUDYA brief study of design tools, which are capable of making the experience soul stirring. These include form, space, volume, geometry, scale and proportions, light and colour.Historical and symbolic aspects of spiritual spaces have already been discussed. (Stella Kramrisch, The Hindu Temple, Vol. 2 Sir Banister Fletchers a History of Architecture, Sir Banister Fletcher,Dan Cruickshank Indian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu Period), Percy Brown) Thus t his study will be foc apply towards the very fundamental architectural criterion and spatial impression on individuals mind.The study does not discuss in detail many issues, like evolution, construction, etc. But focuses on the internal design aspects, concerning the designing of a spiritual space, which are known and acknowledged.Study should avoid commenting on the beliefs and rituals of various religions, but should debate towards the evolution and change of spatial qualities and form.1.4 LIMITATION FOR THE RESEARCHStudy of sacred spaces of all faiths is not possible within the limited time project.A study of the built environment shall be undertaken which shall include only the spiritual aspect, the qualitative parameters and not the technical evaluation of the built form.Considering the time frame provided for the completion of the study, primary case studies taken are done from Delhi only.It would have been desirable to study how sacred can be woven into the everyday as well. 1.5 METHODOLOGYThe study is intended to be broken into subheads that will make it easier to understand the topic that talks ab start spiritual dimensions in sacred spaces and architectural qualities influencing human behaviour.STAGE 1IDENTIFYING NEED FOR THE STUDYTrying to find the objectives of study.Setting up the scope and limitations.STAGE 2LITERATURE SURVEY by dint of the survey of all possible data related to the topic or on architecture and human behaviour. This stage of the research includes collecting data that is now or in flat related to spiritual aspect of architectural spaces. This has been done through the printed form or from the internet, articles and discussions of peoples relating to the study.Literature survey aims at sorting out case studies both inside and outside India and also at getting an review of what are the recent developments and compensatets that are taking place in the issue of spiritual architecture.STAGE 3LITERATURE SURVEY 2A study has been under taken to understand the mental conditions of a man in different spaces and its comparison with the creator. Through this the topic got defined and the question got framed.STAGE 4INTERRELATING DIFFERENT SACRED STRUCTURESAs our concern is on human being, the structures affecting human mind around the world should have identicalities. Search for the overlapping of spatial qualities in sacred structures around the world.STAGE 5FRAME WORKTo make a framework of different issues and principles studied which can be applied on case studies. List of issues formulate questionnaire for the case studies and interviews.List of issuesOpen and closed spacePortal or entrancePath and surrounding landscapeDestination slurForm, geometry, proportion and scaleArticulation and symbolismLight, colour and soundTouch, reek and tasteSTAGE 6Fig 1.1 ISKCON Temple, New DelhiFig 1.2 Cathedral Church of Redemption, New DelhiFig 1.3 Jama Masjid, New DelhiCASE STUDIESISKCON temple, new DELHICATHEDRAL CHURCH OF REDEMPTION, NEW DELHIJAMA MASJID,NEW DELHICase studies are selected to understand the sacredness and the spiritual intelligence through the built, the purpose behind it. Case studies will throw some light on the spatial qualities of spiritual spaces. Suitable case studies will be undertaken to examine the need of the topic and its negligence in present day scenario.STAGE 7 overcritical ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDYAll the information collected so far was then analysed thoroughly. An analysis of experiencing the sacred buildings to out the design tools that an architect can employ to create the desired spiritual experience.STAGE 8DESIGN IDEA FORMULATIONAfter assimilation of all matter and analysis of material collected, conclusions are derived, as to, how an architect can use design tools to stimulate all the senses and make the experience of a spiritual space spiritual.CHAPTER 2 unearthly ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR2.1 SPATIAL QUALITIES AND HUMAN MINDThe sacred is never intentionally chosen, but in some way or the other revels itself.-Eliade (1963)The meaning of structured space, a meaning which we believe lies in its dynamic relationship to its human personality and to our mental health.Fig 2.1 The self- Hindu thought (Source Prof. H.D. Chayya)The environment in which humans operate has an important influence on their wellbeing and performance. Our structured environment is so important and, influence direct or indirect, on the shaping of personality and the choice as well as the attainment of goals. excited design and tangible interaction are compelling forms of enhancing user engagement. The conclave of these modes of interaction can create a new dimension of human experience when physical movement in space or the manipulation of objects triggers emotions within an individual. By seamlessly integrating expressive tangible interaction techniques with ambient intelligence, that is, by creating environments that are sensitive and responsive to human gestures, meaningful experiences can be constructed. social lionn Festinger, Stanley Schachter and Krik live found in their detailed studies of one urban situation, that physical spaces play a very large part in the formation of community relationships and even minor architectural feature, such as the position of staircase and mailboxes, had important effects on the social life of people. The architect who builds a house or who designs a site plan, who decides which direction the houses will face and how close together they will be, also is, to a great extent, deciding the pattern of social life among the people who will live in those houses.(Strengthening Weak Ties Social Networks and Student Housing, Thesis, B. Design in Architecture, University of Florida, 2011)Geoffrey Scotts book The Architecture of Humanism, 1914, he said, The architect models in space as a sculptor in clay. He designs the space as a work of art that is, he attempts through his means to excite a certain mood in those who enter it.The view has been elaborated by others, among them Bruno Zevi, Architecture as Space, 1957 the facade and walls of house. Church, or palace, no matter how beautiful they may be, is only the container, the box the content is the internal space.As Geoffrey Scott suggests, Space itself is not obvious, cannot be visually perceived one sees only objects in space or the structural members that encloses the space. Space itself can only be sensed- that is, felt its quality is apprehended by means of the senses, but its effect is upon the emotions, and cannot readily be rationalized, mensurable or depicted. single can only gauge and describe accurately enough the adequacy or structural soundness, its provision for warmth, ventilation, sanitation, light, and other physical factors.One can criticize its components in terms of proportion, texture, colour and other aesthetic considerations.Fig. 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4 (Source F.D.K.Ching, Architecture Form, Space and Order 3rd edition)Fi g. 2.5 Non-sign II-art installation byAnnie HansandDaniel Mihalyo But beyond all of these, there is an overall effect exerted upon ones consciousness by architectural space which defies precise definition.(Scott, Geoffrey, The Architecture of Humanism, 1914)Architecture truly conceived, is nothing less than the conscious and careful determination of our whole structured environment and leaves an impression on individuals mind, which can be controlled. Like a stage setting that controls the movements of actors and defines where and under what push-down list they can meet, our habitat channels our movements and influence our contacts. If we think of buildings at all, it is usually when we are jolted by some outrage, such as a stalled face lifting or a leaky roof, long columned corridor, a double height space. (Walter, E.V., 1988, Placeways A Theory of the Human Environment)Table 2.1 The concept of the spirit of a space (Source Author)Some of the architectural integrant which affect human psychology areFive sensesHearingTouchSightTasteSmellThe basic elementsSpace formFireWaterEarthInstruments of perception (to acquire inward)EarSkinEyesTongueNoseWork organs(to act outwards)Speech dialogue (exit)Hands work (finger)Feet mobilityAnus discardGenitals procreateControl centre forceMind (flow of thoughts and emotions)Intellect (power of discrimination)The presiding force (PRANA or the life force)The cosmos consciousness or the supreme energyArchitectureSilenceClimateLightPlumbingLandscape transformationAcousticsWeatherColourCoolingRelated expert fieldsVibrationsTexture surfacesTexture formsRepose odourEmotional DesignEmotion is a fundamental aspect of what makes us human it shapes our cognition, perception, memory, and learning and it work our past, present, and future experiences. Emotional value is important in design for enhancing user experience as Donald Norman explains Our attachment is really not to the thing, it is to the relationship, to the meanings and feelings the thing represents. Emotional design then, provides an aesthetic interaction that engages users on an emotional, meaningful, and psychological level. Whereas affective computing focuses on the system recognizing and adjusting to what it believes the user is feeling, emotional design focuses on the emotional experience. somatogenetic and Tangible InterfacesHuman movement is often spurred by intention and motivation within people. Tangible user interfaces allow users to interact with virtual information by sensing and manipulating physical environments through objects, surfaces, and spaces.Relation of architecture and human psychology is far interrelated. Appropriate use of various architectural components has the capacity of enlightening the standard atmosphere whereas inappropriate use does the opposite. The building forms, the functions incorporated in it, colours, negative and positive spaces in and around it may be the few points but architecture is directly attached with human psychology from conscious to subconscious level.2.2 PLACEBO EFFECT SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONFor decades, scientists have tried to understand the mysterious power of what is called the placebo effect. Placebo studies prove how powerfully we are influenced not just emotionally but physiologically by how we perceive the world around us.Articulation and architectural conditions in homes can have powerful and long-lasting psychological impact. The placebo effect offers a clue that points to how we might create curative environments.The placebo effect as a therapy, the fact that believers in a wide variety of ancient faith systems also claim similar effects, as have modern scientists who study mind/body medicine.Fig 2.6 exemplification of the interrelationship of stress, belief and how they may impact on the placebo effect and the relaxation response. (Source http//www.sciencedirect.com)In other words, it impacts an ancient part of our brain which we share with many other speci es. endogenic opioids, which are naturally produced by the brain in small amounts and play a key role in the relief of pain and anxiety, have been concerned in placebo analgesia.CHAPTER 3 SACRED SPACE AND SPIRITUALITY3.1 OPEN SPACES AS SACRED SPACESDoes spirituality needs sacred spaces and vice versa? Does spirituality really is un effected without architecture? Is it not the quality of the inner life, receptive to a virtual dimension that transcends the sensible, that matters?Fig 3.1 Lodhi Garden, New Delhi (Source Author)Open space has two different meanings that work together to create sacred places that are inclusive and aware of many elements that may be exclusive to any potential user of the space. An open space is open to the public, meaning anyone of any race, faith, culture, or belief is able to enter the space. The space is for the whole community of different people rather than just one situation group. Or, an open space is one that feels welcoming and non-threatening to those that spend time in it it feels like home for the soul. The design of the space and the placement of features such as portals, paths, universal symbols that have meaning across all religions, nations and ethnic groups, lend to the openness of the space by inviting those outside of the space to enter it. The combination of a space being open on both a physical and spiritual level is what makes up Open Spaces, Sacred Places.3.2 ATTRIBUTES OF A SPIRITUAL SPACEArchitecture is the first pioneer on the highway toward the adequate realization of inner self. For this means it levels space for self-realization, informs his external environment, and builds a fit place for the aggregation of those assembled having similar faith, as a defence against the threatening of tempest, against rain, and savage animals.Besides the variety of buildings and design approaches in the effort to create a space where man can feel spirituality, there can be found some common design tools that help to cr eate the soul stirring experience. The following discuss some of these parameters.The portal or threshold is the entryway into the sacred space, which helps to separate the space from the greater surrounding space and invites you to step inside. A portal can be created with a hardscape such as a gate or a portico, or with simple planting.Fig 3.2 Portal to Garden, (Source http//www.luminous-landscape.com)Fig 3.4 Open space, (Source http//www.luminous-landscape.com)Fig 3.3 path in a Garden, (Source http//www.luminous-landscape.com)The path invites exploration and discovery along the route. It meanders through spaces, fuels the imagination and entices one to see where it may lead.The destination point is an end point within a space that inexplicably draws visitors. It may be a resting place, such as a bench, or a beautiful natural feature, such as a gurgling fountain or rain curtain. It is a point within the sacred space where those who visit always end up. Sacred spaces may have more than one destination point.Space and VolumeFig. 3.5 Space defining elements, Source F.D.K.Ching, Architecture Form, Space and Order 3rd edition) Space, whether of the individual or the universal, possesses a unique quality of experiencing. It is hyper sensitive, besides being super potential. Sense of surround defines the space as separate and apart from the overall outdoor environment. Visitors who enter the space feel as though they are entering into a room. There are natural or man-made boundaries (or a combination of both) that delineate the space within the greater environment. These boundaries provide a subtle feeling of shelter, enabling people to feel safe and enjoy their time spent in the space. (Nicolas, W. Robert Leo A Daly, 2004, building Type Basics for Places of Worship)By generating a continuous flow of spaces, each act movement becomes an experience. Each component of architecture becomes important and provides for this linkage. It can be by repetition of elements, alteration in scale and proportion, staggering, light, texture, and colour and also by using thought as a catch to accentuate the drama. (Robinson,J., 1979, Religious Buildings)Fig. 3.6 Form and Space, Source F.D.K.Ching, Architecture Form, Space and Order 3rd edition) Form and GeometryArchitectural form is the point of contact between mass and space Architectural Form required to fulfil its functional requirements for that is the reason for its being both physical and spiritual. (Saarinen, E., op.cit. pg 14)Every form conveys a meaning. It is important to understand how form can transmit a spiritual meaning. Certain shapes and forms are conventional associated with certain meanings.Scale and ProportionFig. 3.7 Vastupurusa (Source Charles Correa, Vistara Architecture of India)Fig. 3.8 Vitruvius Man (Source Leonardo Da vinci.stanford.edu)Scale refers to the coat of something compared to reference standard or size of something else. Deciding the scale of a sacred space is a comm on design concern. Some blend into the textile of the neighbouring community and landscape others stands out as landmarks, easily recognized for their special purpose. Generally the sacred spaces take monumental scale to create an atmosphere of awe, mystery story and magnificence. The scale of the interior spaces, the size and weight of doors, and the exposed structural columns and beams all serve to denote the special quality of the sacred space.Fig. 3.9 LeCorbusier modular Man (Source Corbusier, The modulor)Proportion refers to the proper or harmonious relation of one part to another or to the whole. While the designer usually has a range of choices when determining the proportions of things, some are given to us by the nature and the man himself.Human body proportions are used not merely as numbers with an inherent harmony, but as a system of measurements that could govern lengths, surfaces, and volumes. It can lend itself to an infinity of combination it ensures unity with div ersity the miracle of numbers.Proportional buildings and scale link spiritual architecture to the mathematical structure of the cosmos. The building should relate well not only to the human scale but also the psyche.Light and ColourFig. 3.12 Khajuraho Temple (Source Kota Kesava Karthik)Fig. 3.11 request at Church (Source http//en.wikipedia.org)Light is regarded to be the most important component in definition of space or the manifestation of form in an architectural space it not only defines the space but also gives meaning to it. In this study one looks at how light can create a place of worship how to make a quiet, enclosed, isolated space, space full of activities, filled with vitality.Fig. 3.10 Khirki Masjid (Source Jegmet Wangchuk)Colour is the attribute that most clearly distinguishes a form from its environment. We answer to bright colours, for instance red, with the emotional part of our brain. First, our muscles get tense, and then we lean towards the colour. Our respirat ion and heart rate goes up and the blood pressure starts rising. The opposite reactions draw when we see light colours such as blue. Our muscles relax, the heart and respiration rate drops and the blood pressure lowers.It also affects the visual weight of a form. grad of colour exist from pale to brilliant from cold to warm. Thus colour expression is also full of meaning.Texture is an important asset of colour. It is the visual and specially tactile quality given to a surface by shape and arrangement, and the proportions of the parts. Texture also determines to which the surfaces of a form reflect or absorb resultant light. It gives an expression to the surface, thereby contributing to the overall impression.ColorColors CharacteristicsColors ActionsRedStimulating, exciting, provocative, dynamicIncreased enthusiasm, interest, and energyPinkHappy, sweet, spirited, romantic, youthfulCalm and restful feelingsBrownWholesome, rich, durable, rustic, shelteringA connection with the natu ral earth and the stability this bringsOrangeFriendly, vital, tangy, energizing, invitingIncreases creativity and gives relief from things becoming too seriousBlueDependable, cool, serene, constant, quietBroadens your perspective in learning new informationGreenRefreshing, healing, fresh, soothing, natureGives freedom to pursue new ideasPurpleSensual, elegant, mysterious, regal, spiritualCalms over activity or energizes from lowBlackStrong, classic, elegant, powerful, mysteriousOpens the door to mystery and prepares for the unknownYellowWarming, sunny, cheerful, luminous, enlighteningGives clarity for decision making and sharper memory and concentration skillswhitePure, bright, innocent, lightweight, pureStarts a fresh beginningFig. 3.13 Colours in Culture (Source www.informationisbeautiful.net)Table. 3.1 Concept of Colours (Source http//en.wikipedia.org)SymbolismSymbolismWe can identify iconography depicted in architecture of these buildings as the signs and symbols and the inspi rations taken directly from some other structure or theories and thoughts spread across the world.A symbol is the juxtaposition that is, a co-optation of visible forms brought forth to demonstrate some invisible matter. One needs to identify with ones religion that is where symbols play an important role.( JosePereira, 2004, The Sacred Architecture of Islam)Table. 3.2 Iconography in major religions (Source JosePereira, The Sacred Architecture of Islam, 2004)Sacred symbolism is considered to be present in every major religious building, around the world. Iconography of sacred geography in three major religions of the worldTEMPLEMOSQUECHURCHMOUNTAINShikharaMinaretLofty towersSTONEIdolOne that in KabbaAltarTREEPresent in courtyardCrossWATERSarovar ritual ablutions in courtyardPlace of BaptismBut is it signs and symbolism only which draw an impact on our behaviour. When we get in to some space, is the aesthetical and visual perception only gets conceived in our mind.Fig. 3.15 Temple Bel ls (Source Author)Fig. 3.14 Prayer at church (Source http//www.mlive.com)Fig. 3.16 Reciting Quran in Mardrsa (Source http//www.mlive.com)SOUNDThe reverberant sound quality created by the proportions and the materials of sacred spaces set them apart from the ordinary. Sacred music, singing, chanting, the ringing of temple and church bells and intoning of prayers characterize specific rituals. The change in sound quality from the cacophony of the street to the harmony resonant allay signifies entry into a sacred space.TOUCHThe experience of touch identifies a sacred space the weight of the door handle, the textures of materials on walls and seating, and the hardness of stone underfoot. A change in temperature, such as the transition from the blazing heat of a busy city street into the cool and solitude of an interior can also denote a sacred space.Most of the textures are touched by vision, iconography, formed an integral part of a temple and a church architecture to convey the compl ete narrative.Though the following two are not translated into architectural terms, but they form an indispensable part of a complete spiritual experience.SMELLFig. 3.20 Garlands for devotees (Source Author)Fig. 3.18 IItr, scented oilFig. 3.19 Votive Candles (Source Author)Fig. 3.17 Agarbatti (Source http//www.mlive.com)Incense is used extensively in the Roman Catholic and Buddhist traditions as a symbol of prayers overtaking up to the deity. The smell of agarbatti and the flowers offered to deity are indispensable parts of the rituals for Hindu as well as many other faiths. The incense sticks are used even in meditation centers as the intoxicating smell stimulates your senses to the positive and calms you down.TASTEFig. 3.23 Christmas cake (Source www.google.com)Fig. 3.22 Korma (Source Author)Fig. 3.21 Laddo (Source Kota Kesava Karthik)Though this sensory experience is missing in many of the architecture, it until now is an integral part of many religious experiences. All the Hin du temples have Prasad and Chanramrit (sweet water) as an indispensable part of the worshipping ritual. Some believe that this custom of sharing sweets is a memorial of the sweetness of the deities. Christians offer holy water in a similar manner. The prasad is obligatory in the Gurudwara too.3.3 SPIRITUAL DIMENSION IN EXISTING build TYPOLOGY3.3.1 THE HINDU TEMPLEThe Hindu temple is essentially the House Of God. It is not a place for congregational worship. Though congregation for religious ceremonies do take place, but the worshippers communication with the divine is his own personal experience. The worshipper goes individually to the house of God and invokes his blessings. Stella Kramisch, in her book, The Hindu Temple says, the intellect of the age, absorbed generally in divine contemplation, is reflected in the temple idol

Ibelemas Identity Crisis and Wilsons Oppositional Dress :: Identity Oppositional

Ibelemas Identity Crisis and Wilsons Oppositional Dress   In Minabrere Ibelemas essay Identity Crisis, Ibelema suggests that the mainstream ameri notify culture is so powerful that all cultures conform to it. Ibelema does this by video display how the mass media portrays African Americans in relation to their cultural identity by using situation comedies as a measuring tool. Of the episodes Ibelema uses very few of them seem at African Americans cultural identity. However, what they do is briefly address a cultural story line for one episode, but then revert back off to the mainstream anglo programming. On the otherhand, Elizabeth Wilson says in her essay Oppositional Dress that sub cultures do exist in society and are strong enough to resist assimilation into the mainstream, and tranquillize exist on their own terms. Wilson proves her point by giving examples of sub cultures that appeared in society, and she shows that they still thrive today.On example Wilson uses is the h ippie culture that evolved in the 1960s. She points by that hippies can be seen today in some areas of the United states, proving her point. She also mentions other movements like the Gay Liberation Movement, the Punk movement, and the Skin Heads, who can all be seen in some form today. In mainstream american culture some individual sub cultures do get lost in the mainstream, but are not forgotten, however most oppositional cultures resist assimilation into the main steam and continue to define themselves on their own terms.        In Ibelemas essay, he says that the mainstream culture is so strong that individual cultures assimilate into it. This proposition is not completely correct. The examples Ibelema uses are derived from situation comedies that are directed at a interbreed cultural mainstream audience. His point is that the African American culture is nonexistent, or assimilated because African American cultural values are not expressed fully in these si tcoms, thus they are a part of the assimilation process. Because these sitcoms are directed at a cross cultural audience the assumption Ibelema uses is false. The African American culture is not lost in america, its existence is found in the homes of African Americans throughout america and is passed on through mothers and fathers, and grand mothers and grand fathers.        An oppose view to this argument is Elizabeth Wilsons essay Oppositional Dress. Her belief is that sub cultures exist in the mainstream society, and they dictate their own existence.

EHR Implementation and Effects on Nursing Essay -- medical records, he

EHR Implementation BackgroundThe executing of electronic health records (EHR) continues to make an impact on nursing and patient care throughout the country. As a part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, all public and private healthcare providers were required to implement electronic health records in their facilities by January 1, 2014. By demonstrating meaningful use of the electronic medical record, facilities are able to maintain Medicaid and Medicare reimbursement levels. Providers who show that they are meeting the meaningful use criteria during EHR use will receive an incentive payment from Medicare and Medicaid. meaningful use is using certified technology in EHR implementation to change quality, safety, efficiency, and reduce health disparities engage patients and families rectify care coordination and maintain privacy and security of patient health information (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2013). The federal government has encouraged EHR use in hopes that it will significantly improve patient care. There is the intent that electronic health records will allow any provider access to important patient health information no matter where the patient is, while creating a comprehensive national electronic health information network that leads to a reduction in the duplication of tests, an avail in the cost-effectiveness of interventions, and the ability to compile a comprehensive patient history (McBride, Delaney, Tietze, 2012). While the implementation of EHRs has good intent, an important question is, How are the implementation of EHRs having an effect on emergency nursing and patient care? Benefits of EHR Use in the Emergency DepartmentNurses are... ...ers to consider long-term benefits. (2012). ED Management, 24(3). Guterl, G. (2012, April 2). Motivating significant Use on ADVANCE for Nurses. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http//nursing.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Motivating-Meaningful-Use.aspxKutne y-Lee, A. (2011). The effect of hospital electronic health record on. NCBI, 41(11). Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3236066/McBride, S., Delaney, J., & Tietze, M. (2012). Health Information Technology and Nursing. American Journal of Nursing, 112(8). Retrieved from http//www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdf?AID=1402619&an=00152258-201301000-00010&Journal_ID=&Issue_ID=Meaningful Use - Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2013, December 6). Retrieved February 19, 2015, from http//www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Meaningful_Use.html