The Constructive Role of Ambiguity in the Policy Process Essay

The Constructive Role of Ambiguity in the Policy exploit - Essay ExampleFurthermore, contradictions between long-term and short-term goals are likely to bring in ambiguities in policy formation and implementation, as well as compromises between irreconcilable intentions, like protected natural reservoir and dam projects. This essay discusses the positive contributions of ambiguities to policy formation and implementation, particularly in the sectors of health and environment. more(prenominal) importantly, the discussion tries to demonstrate how these ambiguities provide an chance to successfully and productively integrate diverse perspectives, worldviews, and values of different stakeholders, as well as how such ambiguities pull in and strengthen a system of participation. Strain brought about by ambiguities in policy formation and implementation may take hold serious ramifications on the opportunity to develop a rational policy-making process and employ practical systematic in struments for priority setting (Birkland 2010). There is a need for ambiguities to be prize and organised, normally in a course of increased stakeholder involvement with an emphasis on social concerns instead of procedural concerns only. An Overview of the Pros and Cons of Ambiguity in the Policy changeAmbiguity may be not as much of a tactical tool used by policy-makers as they wish than an unavoidable consequence of the political mechanism. It is thought that implementation becomes unsuccessful because system of government is either not adequately capable or unduly independent (Hill & Hupe 2002). Nevertheless, the complexity indwelling in realising effective implementation, that is, the alleged implementation deficit (Lane 2000, 106), may reveal a much more severe risk to the notion of policy implementation. gibe to Birkland (2010), the policy system could function to make ambiguity general in each and every policy. Hence, policy implementation becomes unsuccessful not due to a discrepancy between sound policy formation and inadequate policy implementation but because of the policys inaccuracy. More importantly, it is claimed that policy is inseparable from implementation, that, in contrast, policy is only recognisable in the implementation process. Thus, the entire notion of a policy framework could be relegated to the mere study of public authorities or organisational research (Lipsky 1971). However, if ambiguity in the policy-making process were as common as argued, if policy were the consequence of implementation, then is it possible that policy ambiguity assists policy formation and implementation? Ambiguity, far from being an impediment or an abnormality, is a necessary component of policy process. It has disadvantages because it causes disorder, chaos, and uncertainty in policymaking. Ambiguity obliges experts to have plenty of information (Sabatier 2007). However, a great deal of information will not automatically eliminate ambiguity it will on ly increase the pellucidity of the process. According to Colebatch (2009), perspective rather than intention becomes crucial. Resolutions seldom mitigate difficulties they only apply or work them out. Nevertheless, ambiguity also confers advantages. Improvement thrives because it grants new insights an opportunity to be implemented to work out old issues. It allows disagreement or inconsistency to be scattered

Criticism of Absorption Cost System Math Problem

Criticism of Absorption Cost System - Math Problem ExampleAs common sense would have it, fix price remains fixed no matter what the level of production is. Hence, in such a case managers often tend to over produce persuasion its better to allocate the fix overhead over a wider range of output and reducing the live per unit (since spreading fixed cost over greater units tends to drive down fixed cost per unit and when fixed costs per unit go down then so does the general costa per unit), thus seeking an increase in profit per unit of output. The lower fixed cost per unit does of course increase the level of profitability. alone a couple of factors need to be considered while making the overproduction decision. While over producing tends to allocate fixed cost over a greater units of output, we need to see whether we really need to over produce. Many factors would need to be considered including the demand for the excess produce, storehouse and handling costs, cash flow mail ser vice etc. There would be no point going for over production if there is no sales market for additional units or the storage costs are high as such a step might actually cost more than the saving done by allocating the fixed overheads on excessive production. It also needs to be considered that what would happen to the excess inventory that would be produced. If the company has not taken care of the market conditions and consequently it produces in excess of its projected sales, then such an exercise would result in excessive stock passel. Clearly the company wouldnt be useful in such a scenario. Another key question that needs to be answered is whether the incentive to overproduce allows over producing stock irrespective of stock piling or storage conditions. The excessive inventory that would be produced would be visible to everyone, reflected on managerial accounts as well as in the companys audited financial statements. It is no doubt important for managers and decision makers to consider here whether the allocation of fixed overheads provides an incentive to overproduce or not. However the danger reflected by the incentive to over produce should not be made the basis of decision making about the allocation of the fixed overheads. I agree with your notion that over production results in excess inventory. Yes, sometimes it does happen that excessive production is done at the year-end so that the production costs disregard be driven down and financial statements are efficiently window dressed to show a good position of the company. However you need to sleep with that there are some products that take a lot of time to be produced and their fixed costs are extremely high. In such a case, I personally think that over production is justified provided there are adequate storage facilities and there is an active sales market. Students Response In my experience allocations which are confined to fix overhead is the catalyst to overproduce a less than desirable product. There are 2 things that definitely go wrong. 1. When management have an incentive to decrease the cost of product, usually this is a force step toward decrease quality of all imagery used to make a final product with less capital and in less time.

Outsourcing and how it has effected communication between customers Essay

Outsourcing and how it has effected communication between customers and companies that outsource - Essay ExampleThe result today is a capitalist foreign economy which has made inroads into the formerly socialist states of eastern and central Europe. Global interdependence is now a feature of the world system and whether one thinks that globalization is a good or bad thing it remains here to stay. Outsourcing, meaning the subcontracting of employment to other countries, is an increasingly common phenomenon with global ramifications (the terms offshoring and outsourcing impart be used interdependently here). As the jobs of the first world make their way to the developing countries of the third world, the forces of globalization have had many unintended consequences. The loss of manufacturing jobs in the countries of the Western world and their movement to lower paying countries of the developing third world has restructured the global economy. While outsourcing has had variety of con sequences, both positive and negative, this research penning aims to provide a holistic analysis of the outsourcing phenomenon in the twenty-first century. What have been the effects on customer satisfaction of outsourcing between customers and companies that outsource? The following entrust now explore this important question in light of the offshoring phenomenon.Seeking to understand the correlations between customer satisfaction and the offshoring of tasks, duties and responsibilities in the twenty-first century, a late article in the Wall Street Journal highlighted the important concerns raised by customers when customer service is offshored. Have you ever called a company with a question or complaint and been redirected to Bangladesh, India or the Philippines? Arguing that this is an increasingly common phenomenon in our era of globalized trade and that outsourcing primary customer service functions have a wide variety of

Utopian Socialism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Utopian Socialism - Research Paper ExampleUtopian SocialismUtopian collectivism emphasizes that, three things that would happen if all people would adhere to socialist ethics exist. It looks forward for the oppressed to have a better future and improve their lifetime standards it emphasizes how socialism is very ethical and gives a clear and full meaning to the aims of socialism. Utopia describes collective ownership of property to eliminate greed, promote personal growth, democracy, and cultural enrichment. This composition provides a discussion on utopian socialism. The utopian socialists differ from the other socialists because of the way they carry out their issues. Utopian socialism is more dogmatic and moral. They aggravated both ridicule and inspiration in the people. Saint Simon, one of the founders of the utopian socialism viewed suffering as resulting from individualism, which was as a result of breaking of rules of order and hierarchy. He did not see the importance of individuals whose main objective was to pursue personal interests. He did not also believe in free markets, as they were points of oppressing poor people in the society. In the modern times, socialism is seen as a failure. A group of socialists argues that socialism should have extent to which it stops. They argue that much(prenominal) things as major decisions for the whole society cannot be done by anyone. Major societal decisions are seen as important hence need to be done by people with lead skills.Utopia is now being used to refer to unrealistic ideas suggested by people. Contrarily, a group of socialists argues that, the capitalists control political issues and repudiate no other means of getting equality, but just through violent revolutions (Lipow, 1982). However, utopian socialism has its disadvantages. It does not give guidelines on how to achieve its objectives. It only highlights its vision, and no action is taken towards the goals. The opposite of utopia is dystopia . Dystopian vision is to give warning about dangers in the society. It is viewed as a good ideological weapon. In modern times, on that point is increasing distrust of progress, and this makes utopia unconvincing to most people in the modern society (Guarneri, 1991). Utopian socialism had a number of impacts to communities in the 19th century it was one of the main impacts in the wave of the feminist movement. This resulted from the issue about equality in the society (Taylor, 1982). Feminist movements sprung up conflict for economic equality and power equality between men and women. Many organizations also came up to fight against gender based violence and discrimination. Laws regarding percentages of women in leadership positions started to be formed. Women were now to be represented at least by a third in most of the parliaments and organizations (Lipow, 1982). In the industrial revolution, utopian socialism improved womens thinking in terms of work and leadership. Women began to go to work and make their own money. By mid-19th century, many women were working in factories and make up some were leaders who were overseeing their male workers (Lipow, 1982). At the same time, utopian socialism encouraged the existence of trade unions for workers. Workers had their rights and cold lounge complains if at all there were any. Cooperative stores and societies also came up in large numbers to deal to help individuals set up firms and businesses. This was due to the belief that all people were entitle to equal rights the

Biomedical research and testing (a bioethical topic of yesterday and Essay

Biomedical research and examen (a bioethical topic of yesterday and today) - Essay ExampleAdditionally, in Europe, 400,000 people are tell to have also died due to small pox. Edward Jenner is alongside other fathers of medical history who discovered the small pox vaccine. It is obvious that the survivors of the sickness, had become immune to the disease and therefore, they were called upon to nurse the affected ones because they were not likely to suffer from the disease again. Edward Jenner discovered that milkmaids who were infected with cowpox virus were immune to smallpox, and to test this possibility, he got some purulence from the cowpox blister that was found on one of the milkmaid called Sarah. He then injected the pus to his sons gardener, James and repeated a rate of days increasing the amount of pus into the boy. Additionally, he deliberately injected the pus to his gardener James, and through it he became ill but recovered after a few days. He even repeated the same experiment on his own son and other children by infecting them with cowpox as well as smallpox. Jenners experiment became the evidence used to come up with inoculation that finally eradicated smallpox. Jenner experiment can be well explained by Machiavelli quote the halt justifies the means, which in this case it is questionable. ... This was obviously wrong because of his actions. In the first place, Jenner was not right when he decided to conduct his experiment on his gardeners son. The end does not always justify the means. Kapis and Gad claim that, it is human nature, for individuals to not always justify their actions. Therefore, if Jenners experiment was incorrect, the gardeners son would have died instantly or would have been infected by the disease as well as other children (34-56). The gardener would have addled his son, because of Jenners experiment. To borrow from Beauchamps words, we cannot trust the world to be moral and idealistic enough in helping the environment an d humanity, and at the same time, be practical enough to make difficult decisions that will cause a great harm to the people (34-68). Nevertheless, Jenner also attempted the same experiment on his own son, risking even more. This means that he could have lost his son as well. However, his experiments saved millions of people as well as his willingness to push his theory in the name of medical and scientific discovery, and as result proved that sometime, the end justifies the means. Some current medical practices which preclude the particular type of experiment that Jenner practiced are still similar today. For example, people have forced to have the smallpox vaccine by being injected. This is not a convention injection, but a painful one that generates a pox and eventually a scar (Conn 34-66). In the world of medicine, there are bioethical battles on testing drugs. In 3rd world countries, companies are testing drugs on the patients because it is cheap and no regulations. This test is like Jenners experiment on his gardeners son and has facilitated new

Principles and Practice of Social Work - Theoretical Assignment Essay

Principles and Practice of Social Work - Theoretical Assignment - Essay poserOn one hand, an individuals activities have an launch on other people that interact with him or her, and in turn, the actions of others affect him the total effect of their actions is evident in the society. On the other hand, society affects the individuals in it, expecting them to do according to its demands. By so doing, society ensures its survival by making its assorted components live together in harmony, and individuals build their society by interacting with each other constructively (Berberoglu 2005 Baert and Silva 2010).The role of a social prole is to subroutine social work values, principles, and methods for counselling, helping a society or a community help itself or individuals in it acting as the agent that maintains quietus in society. For instance, a social worker would be involved in the provision and improvement of social, health, and legislative services. The principles of social wo rk include, acceptance, affirming individuality, purposeful expression of feelings, non-judgementalism, objectivity, controlled delirious involvement, self-determination, and confidentiality. According to Ritzer and Goodman (2004), social work is the art and science of identifying conflicts in society analysing them, and using the various available theories on society to come up with attainable solutions. However, the work of a social worker does not end at identifying and recommending solutions, it extends using the recommendations to solve the conflict at hand practically. Therefore, a social worker is an essential component of a society that acts as a bridge between the needs of an individual and those of the society, by ensuring that individual do not jump in silence due to the pressure of society expectations. The aim of this essay is to identify two social work theories, partake them to social work principles and relate them to domestic violence, in addition to discussing power imbalances, between the social worker and his or

The Benefits, Pitfalls, and Challenges of Special Needs Students Essay

The Benefits, Pitfalls, and Challenges of Special Needs Students Accessing the General Curriculum - Essay ExampleIt is common knowledge that the society in general is more concerned with academic competence of normal students. But one factor that sightnot be ignored by society is that there is a group of young people (male or female) who might need a certain amount of particular(prenominal) attendance so that the teaching profession can attain a special status that stands apart from formal teaching procedures. This paper attempts to review such a stand which takes into consideration legal, moral, and social aspects with view to children challenged with any form of disability and attempts to bind or conform a general plan which such children could be exposed to. The practical implementation of the involve of special unavoidably students The 1997 amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) made it clear that each students Individualized Education Program (IEP) should clearly describe how the scholarly persons disability affects the childs involvement with and progress in the general political program and what services, program modifications, and supports necessary for the child to be involved in and progress in the general curriculum (Wehmeyer, Agran & Lattin, 2001, p. 327). These guidelines have prompted educators to reconsider how the educational programs of special needs students atomic number 18 designed and carried out. ... efforts should be undertaken to ensure that no embezzlement or overemphasis of any component of standards-based reform must occur in the teaching learning process. The authors argue that special needs students are just resembling others and these learners achieve challenging standards only when there is higher expectation is demanded from them. However, there is also the danger of setting high standards and narrowing the curriculum to core theme areas resulting in higher dropout rate among such special needs learners who already have difficulty and subsequent previous experiences of failure. The rationale to offer special needs students access to the general curriculum seeks to ensure that all students have access to a challenging curriculum, to ensure that all students are held to high expectations, and to ensure that students with disabilities are not left out of the accountability system being established for schools (Wehmeyer, Agran & Lattin, 2001, p. 330). It can be noticed that parental and teacher expectations are low for students with special needs. Therefore, it is essential that special needs children are offered such educational programs that challenge them and that everyone, including the teachers and parents, holds high expectations for their achievement. The question whether special education curriculum or the general curriculum is best suitable for special needs learners is worth analyzing. It is true that a general curriculum makes neither distinction nor marginal ization among the learners. While general curriculum offers equal educational opportunities for everyone, its competency to offer Individualized Education Programs for the special needs children is quite debatable. Therefore, it is imperative that the general curriculum is adapted,